[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-448384-105":59,"doc-detail-448384-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","review-unit-1-designing-studies","Review Unit 1 - Designing Studies","","Review Unit 1 – Designing Studies provides practice problems for identifying response and explanatory variables, distinguishing observational studies from experiments, and evaluating whether evidence supports causal claims. It includes questions on statistics vs parameters, survey design choices (open vs closed ended, randomization, wording structure), and how stratification affects variation and bias. Additional items address bias, sampling and nonresponse effects, control groups, confounding variables, and choosing correct conclusions from multiple-choice answer sets.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/review-unit-1-designing-studies/448384/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/review-unit-1-designing-studies/448384.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"jayni","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How do you identify the response variable and explanatory variable in the nurses’ ginseng tea study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The response variable is the patients’ mood rating on the 1 to 5 scale. The explanatory variable is the amount of ginseng tea (1 cup, 3 cups, or 5 cups) given to each group.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why isn’t the vinca partial-shade result automatically good evidence for causation?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Because the study does not control other factors besides sun exposure, observed differences could be due to confounding variables. Without controlled design, it cannot establish cause and effect.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What sampling practice concerns nonresponse bias in the apartment occupancy question, and how does it affect the estimate?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The researcher expands sampling to reach contacted apartments after noncontact in 27 cases. This increases the chance that the final sample overrepresents contacted units, which can bias the occupancy mean upward or downward depending on who is reachable.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},448384,1792235224,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":29,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},3985747859343,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","AP Statistics Name:   Period:    \nReview Unit 1 – Designing Studies  \nStudy your notes for the matching, fill in the blank, and multiple choice problems.  \nReading Chapters 11-13 of your textbook may also be helpful. (Note: skip simulations in Chapter 11)  \n1. A group of nurses believes that ginseng tea has a positive effect on the mood of patients. To test this they serve ginseng tea to patients and have the patients rate their mood on a scale of 1 to 5 at randomly selected times throughout several days. Patients are divided into groups who receive varying amounts of tea as follows: Group  \n1-1 cup per day Group 2-3 cups per day Group 3-5 cups per day Identify the response variable and the explanatory variable in this study.  \n2. A track coach who also teaches physics knows that the velocity of his runners is related to moving mass over distance. He wonders if the weight of the runner has any effect his time in the 100 yard dash. To test this he weighs each candidate for his team and then has them run the 100 yard dash and records their times. What are the explanatory and response variables?  \n3. Two neighbors both planted vinca in their yards over the same weekend. One planted them in full sun while the other planted them in an area with partial shade. After two months, the neighbor who planted them in the partial shade had beautiful vinca with many flowers. The other neighbor had lost most of the plants and had few flowers. Is this good evidence that vinca should be planted in partial shade? Why or why not?  \n4. After a government test, Mr. Dingley averages the grades of his 3rd period class and finds the class mean to be  \n88. Curious about his other classes, he finds the mean ofall students who took the test to be 79. Which of the following can be said about his test scores?  \na) 79 is a statistic d) 3rd period has smarter students  \nb) 88 is a statistic e) Outliers caused the overall mean to be lower  \nc) 88 is a parameter f) a, c, and e  \n5. When conducting a well-constructed survey, a researcher should use  \na) open-ended questions. c) non-randomized presentation of questions.  \nb) questionnaires only. d) closed-ended questions.  \n6. Stratifying a survey sample will provide which of the following?  \na) reduced variation b) increased sample size c) biased results d) subject restriction  \n7. To study a cause-and-effect relationship between variables, which of the following methods of data collection should be used.  \na) observational study c) survey (use of one-on-one interview)  \nb) survey (presentation of questionnaire) d) experiment  \n8. When travelers change airlines during connecting flights, each airline receives a portion of the fare. Several years ago, the major airlines used a sample trial period to determine what percentage of certain fares each should collect. Using these statistical results to determine fare splits, the airlines now claim huge savings over previous clerical costs. Which of the following is true?  \nI. The airlines ran an experiment using a trial period for the control group.  \nII. The airlines ran an observational study using the calculations from a trial period as a sample.  \nIII. The airlines feel that any monetary error in fare splitting resulting from using a statistical sample is smaller than the previous clerical costs necessary to calculate exact fare splits.  \na) I only b) II only c) III only d) I and III e) II and III  \n9. In one study subjects were randomly given either 500 or 1000 milligrams of vitamin C daily, and the number of colds they came down with during a winter season was noted. In a second study people responded to a questionnaire asking about the average number of hours they sleep per night and the number of colds they came down with during a winter season.  \na) The first study was an experiment without a control group, while the second was an observational study.  \nb) The first study was an observational study, while the second was a controlled experiment.  \nc) Both stud","cbCais1ELLp1pZk4","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCais1ELLp1pZk4","pdf",25106,"English","# Review Unit 1 – Designing Studies\n## Variable identification and study types\n## Statistics vs parameters and survey design\n## Stratification, sampling bias, and nonresponse","[{\"question\":\"How do you identify the response variable and explanatory variable in the nurses’ ginseng tea study?\",\"answer\":\"The response variable is the patients’ mood rating on the 1 to 5 scale. The explanatory variable is the amount of ginseng tea (1 cup, 3 cups, or 5 cups) given to each group.\"},{\"question\":\"Why isn’t the vinca partial-shade result automatically good evidence for causation?\",\"answer\":\"Because the study does not control other factors besides sun exposure, observed differences could be due to confounding variables. Without controlled design, it cannot establish cause and effect.\"},{\"question\":\"What sampling practice concerns nonresponse bias in the apartment occupancy question, and how does it affect the estimate?\",\"answer\":\"The researcher expands sampling to reach contacted apartments after noncontact in 27 cases. This increases the chance that the final sample overrepresents contacted units, which can bias the occupancy mean upward or downward depending on who is reachable.\"}]","Review Unit 1 - Designing Studies | PDF",1790726797,15]