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For laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), in situ approaches are required to capture the highly dynamic thermal, mechanical, and metallurgical processes forming complex metallic parts. At PETRA III, an industrial-functional LPBF system supports in situ X-ray diffraction. Three experimental use cases are presented, covering strain and internal stress in Inconel 625 under varied substrate pre-heating and scan patterns, γ′ precipitate formation and dissolution in CMSX-4, and phase transitions in a γ-TiAl-based alloy during melting and solidification.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/revealing-dynamic-processes-in-laser-powder-bed-fusion-with-in-situ-x-ray-diffraction-at-petra-iii-vol-93-abstract/661286/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/revealing-dynamic-processes-in-laser-powder-bed-fusion-with-in-situ-x-ray-diffraction-at-petra-iii-vol-93-abstract/661286.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"LangkahRina","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why are in situ diffraction methods important for LPBF research?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"LPBF involves highly dynamic thermal, mechanical, and metallurgical processes on microsecond to millisecond timescales, producing temperature-dependent microstructures, phases, and stresses. In situ diffraction with synchrotron radiation enables temporally resolved information about these processes.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What experimental capabilities were used at PETRA III?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"A customized LPBF system with essential industrial functions was used for in situ X-ray diffraction studies. PETRA III (DESY) provides the high flux synchrotron radiation needed for these measurements.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What three use cases are presented in the study?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The work presents: (1) strain and internal stress progression in Inconel 625 influenced by substrate pre-heating and scan pattern, (2) γ′ precipitate formation and dissolution in the nickel-base superalloy CMSX-4 depending on scan pattern and location, and (3) phase transitions in a γ-TiAl-based intermetallic alloy during melting/solidification, including advantages of thin platelet-shaped specimens.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},661286,1793162398,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},962090893776,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Final Draft  \nof the original manuscript  \nKrohmer, E.; Schmeiser, F.; Wahlmann, B.; Rosigkeit, J.; Graf, G.; Spoerk-Erdely, P.; Clemens, H.; Staron, P.; Körner, C.; Reimers, W.; Uhlmann, E.:  \nRevealing dynamic processes in laser powder bed fusion within situ X-ray diffraction at PETRA III.  \nIn: Review of Scientific Instruments. Vol. 93 (2022) 6, 065104.  \nFirst published online by AIP: 10.06.2022  \n[https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0077105](https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0077105)  \nPLEASE CITE THIS ART ICLE AS DOI: 10. 1063/5.0077105  \n1 Revealing dynamic processes in laser powder bed fusion with  \n2 in situ X-ray diffraction at PETRA III  \n3  \n4 Erwin Krohmer1 , Felix Schmeiser2 , Benjamin Wahlmann3 , Jan Rosigkeit4 , Gloria Graf5 ,  \n5 Petra Spoerk-Erdely5 , Helmut Clemens5 , Peter Staron4 , Carolin Körner3 , Walter Reimers2 , 6 Eckart Uhlmann 1 ,6  \n7 AFFILIATIONS:  \n8 1 Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management (IWF), Technische Universität  \n9 Berlin, Pascalstraße 8-9, 10587 Berlin, Germany  \n10 2 Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Metallic Materials, Technische Universität  \n11 Berlin , Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany  \n12 3 Chair of Materials Science and Engineering for Metals, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität  \n13 Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany  \n14 4 Institute of Materials Physics , Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon , Max-Planck-Straße 1 ,  \n15 21502 Geesthacht , Germany  \n16 5 Department of Materials Science, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef-Straße 18, 17 8700 Leoben, Austria  \n18 6 Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology (IPK) ,  \n19 Pascalstraße 8-9, 10587 Berlin , Germany  \n20 ABSTRACT  \n21 The high flux combined with the high energy of the monochromatic synchrotron radiation  \n22 available at modern synchrotron facilities offers vast possibilities for fundamental research on  \n23 metal processing technologies. Especially in the case of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), an  \n24 additive manufacturing technology for the manufacturing of complex-shaped metallic parts, in  \n25 situ methods are necessary to understand the highly dynamic thermal, mechanical and  \n26 metallurgical processes involved in the creation of the parts. At PETRA III, Deutsches  \n27 Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), a customized LPBF system featuring all essential functions  \n28 of an industrial LPBF system is used for in situ X-ray diffraction research. Three use cases  \n29 with different experimental setups and research questions are presented to demonstrate  \n30 research opportunities. Firstly , the influence of substrate pre-heating and a complex scan  \n31 pattern on the strain and internal stress progression during the manufacturing of Inconel 625  \n32 parts is investigated. Secondly , a study on the nickel-base superalloy CMSX-4 reveals the  \n33 formation and dissolution of γ′ precipitates depending on the scan pattern in different part  \n34 locations. Thirdly , phase transitions during melting and solidification of an intermetallic γ-TiAl  \n35 based alloy are examined, and the advantages of using thin platelet-shaped specimens to  \n36 resolve the phase components are discussed. The presented cases give an overview of in situ 37 X-ray diffraction experiments at PETRA III for research on the LPBF technology and provide  \n38 information on specific experimental procedures.  \n39 I. INTRODUCTION  \n40 Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies offer vast possibilities in designing and producing  \n41 complex-shaped parts made of different materials such as metals, intermetallics, ceramics, 42 and polymers. One of the leading technologies for metal parts is laser powder bed  \n43 fusion (LPBF) . In LPBF, metal parts are manufactured from loose metal powder deposited in  \n44 thin single layers on a metal substrate plate. A highly focused laser beam locally fuses the  \n45 metal powder one melt track after another onto the substrate until one thin cross-sectional area  \n4","cbCaii3MCJLWlsAa","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaii3MCJLWlsAa","pdf",1402950,28,"English","# Abstract\n# I. Introduction","[{\"question\":\"Why are in situ diffraction methods important for LPBF research?\",\"answer\":\"LPBF involves highly dynamic thermal, mechanical, and metallurgical processes on microsecond to millisecond timescales, producing temperature-dependent microstructures, phases, and stresses. In situ diffraction with synchrotron radiation enables temporally resolved information about these processes.\"},{\"question\":\"What experimental capabilities were used at PETRA III?\",\"answer\":\"A customized LPBF system with essential industrial functions was used for in situ X-ray diffraction studies. PETRA III (DESY) provides the high flux synchrotron radiation needed for these measurements.\"},{\"question\":\"What three use cases are presented in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The work presents: (1) strain and internal stress progression in Inconel 625 influenced by substrate pre-heating and scan pattern, (2) γ′ precipitate formation and dissolution in the nickel-base superalloy CMSX-4 depending on scan pattern and location, and (3) phase transitions in a γ-TiAl-based intermetallic alloy during melting/solidification, including advantages of thin platelet-shaped specimens.\"}]","Revealing dynamic processes in laser powder bed fusion with in situ X-ray diffraction at PETRA III - Vol. 93 - Abstract | PDF",71]