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Vacancies disproportionately affect high-poverty, high-minority schools and hard-to-staff fields such as special education and STEM. States have tried retention and recruitment policies, including bonuses and salary increases. The study analyzes North Carolina’s 1999–2009 return-to-work policy for retired teachers, who could work full-time while receiving salary and pension benefits concurrently. Policy take-up is documented and characteristics of returning teachers and hiring schools are examined, showing that retirees returned and that high-need schools hired them disproportionately.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/retirees-return-to-work-how-a-north-carolina-policy-helped-staff-high-need-schools-602228/602228/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/retirees-return-to-work-how-a-north-carolina-policy-helped-staff-high-need-schools-602228/602228.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"acoobca","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What problem does the study address regarding U.S. public schools?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study addresses long-standing teacher vacancies that were worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which schools are most affected by teacher vacancies?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Vacancies are more common in high-poverty, high-minority, and urban schools, rather than being evenly distributed.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How did the North Carolina return-to-work policy work for retired teachers?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"From 1999 to 2009, retired teachers could return to full-time work while receiving both their full-time salary and pension benefits concurrently.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},602228,1792188975,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747870733,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","| education policy analysis archives\u003Cbr>A peer-reviewed, independent, open access, multilingual journal | |\n| --- | --- |\n| Arizona State University |  |\n| Volume 32 Number 4 January 30 , 2024 ISSN 1068-2341 |  |\n\nRetirees Return to Work: How a North Carolina Policy Helped Staff High-Need Schools  \nRachel Jarrold-Grapes*  \nFederal Trade Commission  \nUnited States  \n&  \nPatten Priestley Mahler  \nCentre College  \nUnited States  \nCitation: Jarrold-Grapes, R., & Mahler, P. P. (2024) . Retirees return to work: How a North Carolina policy helped staff high-need schools. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 32(4) .  \n[https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.32.8241](https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.32.8241)  \nAbstract: Teacher vacancies have been a long-standing issue in U.S. public schools, only made worse by the COVID-19 pandemic. Vacancies tend to be concentrated in high-poverty, highminority schools and hard-to-staff subjects like special education and STEM. States have implemented various policies to decrease turnover, including offering teachers bonuses and salary increases. We study one of these policies, a return-to-work policy in North Carolina from 1999- 2009, that allowed retired teachers to return to work full-time, earning both their full-time salary and pension benefits concurrently—often resulting in as much as 50% more income than a typical fulltime teacher. We document policy take-up and characterize which teachers returned and what  \n* The views expressed in this article are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect those of the Federal Trade Commission or any individual Commissioner.  \nschools hired them. The main take-away is that retirees indeed returned under this policy and that high-need schools were disproportionately the ones that hired them.  \nKeywords: teacher shortage; teacher retirement; disadvantaged schools  \nLos jubilados regresan al trabajo: Cómo una política de Carolina del Norte ayudó adotar de personal a las escuelas más necesitadas  \nResumen: Las vacantes de docentes han sido un problema de larga data en las escuelaspúblicas de EE.UU., que solo empeoró con la pandemia de COVID-19. Las vacantes tiendena concentrarse en escuelas con alta pobreza y minorías y en materias en las que es difícil dotarde personal, como educación especial y STEM. Los estados han implementado varias políticaspara reducir la rotación, incluida la oferta de bonificaciones a los maestros y aumentossalariales. Estudiamos una de estas políticas, una política de regreso al trabajo en Carolina del Norte de 1999 a 2009, que permitió a los maestros jubilados regresar a trabajar a tiempo completo, ganando simultáneamente su salario de tiempo completo y sus beneficios de pensión, lo que a menudo resultó en como hasta un 50% más de ingresos que un profesor típico de tiempo completo. Documentamos la adopción de políticas y caracterizamos qué docentes regresaron y qué escuelas los contrataron. La principal conclusión es que los jubilados efectivamente regresaron bajo esta política y que las escuelas con grandes necesidades fueron desproporcionadamente las que los contrataron.  \nPalabras clave: escasez de docentes; jubilación docente; escuelas desfavorecidas  \nAposentados voltam ao trabalho: Como uma política da Carolina do Norte ajudou aequipar escolas de alta necessidade  \nResumo: As vagas para professores têm sido um problema de longa data nas escolas públicasdos EUA, apenas agravadas pela pandemia da COVID-19. As vagas tendem a concentrar-seem escolas de alta pobreza e minorias e em disciplinas difíceis de encontrar, como educaçãoespecial e STEM. Os estados implementaram várias políticas para diminuir a rotatividade, incluindo a oferta de bônus aos professores e aumentos salariais. Estudamos uma dessas políticas, uma política de retorno ao trabalho na Carolina do Norte de 1999 a 2009, que permitiu que professores aposentados voltassem ao trabalho em tempo integral, ganhandosimultaneamente o salário de tempo integral e os benefícios de","cbCaiezW49icP2hi","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiezW49icP2hi","pdf",392717,17,"English","# Introduction\n## Teacher vacancies and unequal distribution\n## Hard-to-staff subjects and state policy responses\n# North Carolina return-to-work policy\n## Program design: retired teachers working full-time\n## Take-up and hiring patterns\n# Key findings","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the study address regarding U.S. public schools?\",\"answer\":\"The study addresses long-standing teacher vacancies that were worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic.\"},{\"question\":\"Which schools are most affected by teacher vacancies?\",\"answer\":\"Vacancies are more common in high-poverty, high-minority, and urban schools, rather than being evenly distributed.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the North Carolina return-to-work policy work for retired teachers?\",\"answer\":\"From 1999 to 2009, retired teachers could return to full-time work while receiving both their full-time salary and pension benefits concurrently.\"}]","Retirees Return to Work: How a North Carolina Policy Helped Staff High-Need Schools | PDF",1792094282,43]