[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-269567-105":59,"doc-detail-269567-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","representational-gestures-and-conceptual-demands","Representational Gestures and Conceptual Demands","","The study examines how representational gestures vary when people describe spatial information with different levels of conceptual difficulty. The Information Packaging Hypothesis predicts increased gesturing for hard-to-conceptualise content. Twenty-four participants described ambiguous dot patterns in a dots-plus-shapes condition versus a dots-only condition. Participants gestured more often when no shapes were provided, supporting the hypothesis and suggesting gestures emerge when information is difficult to conceptualise.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/representational-gestures-and-conceptual-demands/269567/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/representational-gestures-and-conceptual-demands/269567.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Liam","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-17","2026-09-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What does the Information Packaging Hypothesis predict about gesturing?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"It predicts that speakers will gesture more when describing information that is difficult to conceptualise than when describing information that is easy to conceptualise.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How were participants asked to describe the dot patterns?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Twenty-four participants described ambiguous dot patterns in two conditions: dots-plus-shapes (geometric shapes connected the dots) and dots-only (no shapes provided).",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What were the main findings about gesture frequency?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Participants gestured at a higher rate in the dots-only condition than in the dots-plus-shapes condition.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},269567,1789453130,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":26,"preview_page_count":4},8796095461564,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","LANGUAGE AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES 2007, 22 (3), 313 􀀁336  \nI see it in my hands’ eye: Representational gestures reflect conceptual demands  \nAutumn B. Hostetter and Martha W. Alibali  \nUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA  \nSotaro Kita  \nUniversity of Bristol, Bristol, UK  \nThe Information Packaging Hypothesis (Kita, 2000) holds that gestures play a role in conceptualising information for speaking. According to this view, speakers will gesture more when describing difficult-to-conceptualise information than when describing easy-to-conceptualise information. In the present study, 24 participants described ambiguous dot patterns under two conditions. In the dots-plus-shapes condition, geometric shapes connected the dots, and participants described the patterns in terms of those shapes. In the dots-only condition, no shapes were present, and participants generated their own geometric conceptualisations and described the patterns. Participants gesturedat a higher rate in the dots-only condition than in the dots-plus-shapes condition. The results support the Information Packaging Hypothesis and suggest that gestures occur when information is difficult to conceptualise.  \nWhen people talk about spatial objects and events, they often produce representational gestures, or movements of their hands and arms that depict the image they are describing (McNeill, 1992) . Such gestures resemble  \nCorrespondence should be addressed to Autumn B. Hostetter, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706; [email abhostetter@wisc.edu](email abhostetter@wisc.edu), or to Martha W. Alibali, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706 .  \n[E-mail mwalibali@wisc.edu](E-mail mwalibali@wisc.edu)  \nThis research was supported by a grant from the Graduate School at the University of Wisconsin-Madison to Martha W. Alibali.  \nWe thank Arthur Glenberg, Maryellen MacDonald, and Charles Snowdon for their helpful comments regarding the design of this study. We thank Antje Meyer, Dan Schwartz, and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. We also thank Kristi Kalmoe and Karin Ockuly for their help with data coding.  \n\\# 2007 Psychology Press, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business [http://www.psypress.com/lcp](http://www.psypress.com/lcp) DOI: 10 . 1080/01690960600632812  \n314 HOSTETTER ET AL.  \nunderlying mental representations (Alibali, 2005; Alibali, Bassok, Solomon, Syc, & Goldin-Meadow, 1999; Beattie & Shovelton, 2002), even when the speaker does not convey the same spatial ideas in speech (Church & GoldinMeadow, 1986; Roth, 2002) . Conveying spatial ideas through gestures might facilitate communication by enhancing listeners’ comprehension. However, speakers still gesture even when their listeners cannot see them (Alibali, Heath, & Myers, 2001; Cohen & Harrison, 1973) and, at least in some instances, listeners’ comprehension is not enhanced from seeing a speaker’s gestures (Krauss, Dushay, Chen, & Rauscher, 1995) . These facts have led many researchers to suggest that gestures are not produced solely to help listeners understand.  \nIn addition to any role they may play in facilitating comprehension, representational gestures may also benefit the speaker more directly. One possibility is that gestures activate mental images and maintain them in the visuo-spatial sketchpad of working memory (see Baddeley, 1986) . Speakers produce more representational gestures when describing spatial information that must be retrieved from memory than when describing a spatial image that is visually present (de Ruiter, 2001; Morsella & Krauss, 2004; Wesp, Hesse, Keutmann, & Wheaton, 2001) . Such evidence has led some researchers to conclude that gestures may actually facilitate the retrieval of spatial information. However, such a memory activation account of gestures cannot explain","cbCaiud3xF8IPfYC","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiud3xF8IPfYC","pdf",379921,24,"English","# LANGUAGE AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES\n## Gesture rates across dot-description conditions\n## Information Packaging Hypothesis and study design\n## Gestures, comprehension, and memory accounts\n## Speech production stages and conceptualisation demands","[{\"question\":\"What does the Information Packaging Hypothesis predict about gesturing?\",\"answer\":\"It predicts that speakers will gesture more when describing information that is difficult to conceptualise than when describing information that is easy to conceptualise.\"},{\"question\":\"How were participants asked to describe the dot patterns?\",\"answer\":\"Twenty-four participants described ambiguous dot patterns in two conditions: dots-plus-shapes (geometric shapes connected the dots) and dots-only (no shapes provided).\"},{\"question\":\"What were the main findings about gesture frequency?\",\"answer\":\"Participants gestured at a higher rate in the dots-only condition than in the dots-plus-shapes condition.\"}]","Representational Gestures and Conceptual Demands | PDF"]