[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-628507-105":59,"doc-detail-628507-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","relationships-of-prodiginins-mechanisms-and-molecular-structures-to-their-antiproliferative-effects","Relationships of Prodiginins Mechanisms and Molecular Structures to their Antiproliferative Effects","","The review examines prodiginins (PGs) natural pigments, bacterial secondary metabolites produced by gram-negative and gram-positive species, with emphasis on Serratia and Streptomyces. It describes their shared tripyrrolic core alongside variable side chains and cyclization that generate structural diversity. The article synthesizes evidence on PG-induced apoptosis and highlights structure-activity relationships across cancer cell lines. It further discusses how certain PGs have progressed toward clinical trials, supporting future anticancer drug development and targeted therapies based on PGs or derivatives.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/relationships-of-prodiginins-mechanisms-and-molecular-structures-to-their-antiproliferative-effects/628507/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/relationships-of-prodiginins-mechanisms-and-molecular-structures-to-their-antiproliferative-effects/628507.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Hazel","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-10","2026-10-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What biological activities do prodiginins (PGs) exhibit beyond anticancer effects?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"PGs display a range of potent activities including immunosuppressive, antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antiviral effects, alongside antiproliferative effects against cancer cell lines.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What structural feature do prodiginins share, and what creates their diversity?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"PGs share a common tripyrrolic core, while diversity arises from variable side chains, cyclization, and differences in chemical moieties across producing strains.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which pathways are involved in producing prodiginins, and how do they contribute to tripyrrolic molecules?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Biosynthesis involves condensation of metabolic pathway products: one pathway yields bi-pyrroles (MBC or HBC) and the second yields mono-pyrroles (MAP and 2-UP), whose condensation forms PGs’ tripyrrolic structures (cycles A, B, and C).","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},628507,1792768298,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},137441390410,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2000252f4ab5702993?_k=1776741390130283984","Send Orders for Reprints [to reprints@benthamscience.net](to reprints@benthamscience.net)  \nAnti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, XXXX, XX, 0-0 1  \nMINI-REVIEW ARTICLE  \nRelationships of Prodiginins Mechanisms and Molecular Structures to their Antiproliferative Effects  \nEl Abbassi Ayoub 1,*, Zineb Azoubi 1, Zougagh Nadia 1, Mouslim Assia 1 and Menggad Mohammed 1  \n1Laboratory of Physiopathology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sik, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco  \nAbstract: The Prodiginins (PGs) natural pigments are secondary metabolites produced by a broad spectrum of  \n   gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, notably by species within the Serratia and Streptomyces genera. These compounds exhibit diverse and potent biological activities, including anticancer, immunosuppressive, antimicro  \n A R T I C L E H I S T O R Y  bial, antimalarial, and antiviral effects. Structurally, PGs share a common tripyrrolic core but possess variable Received: March 25, 2024 side chains and undergo cyclization, resulting in structural diversity. Studies have investigated their antiprolifera  \nRevAccsept:dJ:uneJuly2512,,20220424 tive effects on various cancer cell lines, with some PGs advancing to clinical trials for cancer treatment. This  \nreview aims to illuminate the molecular mechanisms underlying PG-induced apoptosis in cancer cells and explore  \nD10OI:2174/0118715206314212240805105735 the structure-activity relationships pertinent to their anticancer properties. Such insights may serve as a foundation for further research in anticancer drug development, potentially leading to the creation of novel, targeted therapies based on PGs or their derivatives.  \nKeywords: Antiproliferative, bacterial pigments, Bcl-2, BH3 mimetics, PGs.  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \nNatural compounds originating from plants and bacteria have been, and continue to be, the primary source of inspiration for anticancer drug design [1-5] . Especially, bacterial strains have been the source of effective chemotherapeutic agents used in cancer treatment, such as doxorubicin, bleomycin, and dactinomycin [5-10] . Despite this, the heterogeneous and diverse molecular causes of cancer, coupled with the developed chemoresistance against traditional drugs, encourage the continuous search for new, similar compounds [11] . One of these promising molecules is Prodiginins (PGs), bioactive secondary metabolites. The PGs family are of atripyrrolic chemical nature and produced by different gram-positive bacteria such as actinomycetes species of the genus Streptomycesand gram-negative bacteria of the genus Serratia [1] . The PGs have shown antimalarial [12], antibiotic [13], immunosuppressive [14], and antiproliferative activities against different cancer cell lines (human and non-human) [15-17], among other biological activities. PG analogs exhibit significant structural variation across different bacterial strains, and some species are known to produce multiple PG analogs concurrently within a single bacterial cell [18, 19] . The PGs of actinomycete strains such as Streptomyces coelicolor include undecylprodigiosin and some of its cyclic analogs: butylmeta-cyclo-heptyl-prodigiosin, ethyl-meta-cyclo-nonyl-prodigiosin, and methyl-cyclo-decyl-prodigiosin [20] . The most described PG is called prodigiosin, a red pigment biosynthesized by species of the genus Serratia, like Serratia marcescens, and other species, such as Hahella chejuensis and Pseudomonas magnesiorubra [1, 19](Fig. 1) . The biosynthesis of prodigiosin and undecylprodigiosin has involved the condensation of two metabolic pathway products. The first pathway, which is common in all PGs-producing species, produces bi-pyrroles named MBC (4-methoxy-2,2′-bipyrrole-5-carbaldehyde) or HBC (4-hydroxy-2,2’-bipyrrole-5-carbaldehyde) .  \n*Address correspondence to this author at the Laboratory of Physiopathology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Si","cbCaidcxRpjx30ZO","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidcxRpjx30ZO","pdf",1129124,13,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. INTRODUCTION\n## Natural products as anticancer inspirations\n## Prodiginins family, structure, and sources\n## Biosynthesis of prodigiosin and undecylprodigiosin\n## Genetic clusters and biosynthetic regulation\n## Mechanisms of action in cancer cells","[{\"question\":\"What biological activities do prodiginins (PGs) exhibit beyond anticancer effects?\",\"answer\":\"PGs display a range of potent activities including immunosuppressive, antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antiviral effects, alongside antiproliferative effects against cancer cell lines.\"},{\"question\":\"What structural feature do prodiginins share, and what creates their diversity?\",\"answer\":\"PGs share a common tripyrrolic core, while diversity arises from variable side chains, cyclization, and differences in chemical moieties across producing strains.\"},{\"question\":\"Which pathways are involved in producing prodiginins, and how do they contribute to tripyrrolic molecules?\",\"answer\":\"Biosynthesis involves condensation of metabolic pathway products: one pathway yields bi-pyrroles (MBC or HBC) and the second yields mono-pyrroles (MAP and 2-UP), whose condensation forms PGs’ tripyrrolic structures (cycles A, B, and C).\"}]","Relationships of Prodiginins Mechanisms and Molecular Structures to their Antiproliferative Effects | PDF",1792616817,33]