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This study evaluates how growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), E-cadherin, galectin-3, and psychological stress relate to quality of life (QOL) and prostate size in BPH patients. Data from 82 cases link cell adhesion/inflammation markers and stress measures with symptom burden and QOL.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/relationship-of-growth-differentiation-factor-15-e-cadherin-galectin-3-and-psychological-stress-with-quality-of-life-and-prostate-size-in-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/446241/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/relationship-of-growth-differentiation-factor-15-e-cadherin-galectin-3-and-psychological-stress-with-quality-of-life-and-prostate-size-in-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/446241.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Melati","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-09","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",17,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What was the objective of the study in BPH patients?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"To investigate how growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), E-cadherin, galectin-3, and psychological stress relate to quality of life (QOL) and prostate size in benign prostatic hyperplasia.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How were psychological stress and quality of life measured?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Psychological stress was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10). 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The relationship of psychological stress, oxidative stress, and inflammation with prostate enlargement is unclear. The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), E-cadherin, galectin-3 and psychological stress with quality of life (QOL) and prostate size in BPH patients.  \nMethods: Eighty-two BPH cases were included in the study. Growth differentiation factor-15, galectin-3, and E-cadherin were analyzed in all the subjects. Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) was used to analyse psychological stress. Quality of life score due to urinary symptoms was based on a single question recommended by the International Consensus Committee, and its answer range from delighted (score-0) to terrible (score-6)  \nResults: E-cadherin (P = .014), galectin-3 (P = .004), QOL score (P = .024) and PSS-10 score (P = .001) were higher in BPH cases with increased prostate size. Growth differentiation factor-15 was lower in BPH patients with higher PSS-10 score (P = .036) and higher QOL score (P = .016) . Growth differentiation factor-15 was negatively associated with International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) score (r = −0.314, P = .004), QOL (r = −0.284, P = .009), and PSS-10 score (r = −0.031, P = .001) . Prostate size was positively associated with E-cadherin (r =0.317, P = .003), galectin-3 (r =0.243, P = .026), IPSS (r =0.301, P = .005) and QOL score (r =0.237, P = .030). Also, a significant correlation was observed between E-cadherin and galectin-3 (r =0.292, P = .007). Growth differentiation factor-15 (P = .018) and E-cadherin (P = .029) were found to predict QOL and E-cadherin (P = .013) was found to predict prostate size in BPH.  \nConclusion: E-cadherin can predict prostate enlargement and along with GDF-15, can predict QOL in BPH.  \nKeywords: Benign prostatic hyperplasia, growth differentiation factor, inflammation, perceived stress  \nIntroduction  \nBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a prevalent disorder among men with advanced age, significantly impacts the quality of life (QOL) .1 Earlier researchers have documented an inverse relation between BPH symptoms and QOL and concluded that BPH affects QOL by inducing psychological stress.2 Psychological stress was reported to be involved in the development of tumors through alteration of endocrine mechanisms.3 Earlier studies have found that stress was associated with BPH.4 Inflammation is known to be involved in prostate enlargement.5  \nCopyright @ Author(s)– Available online at [http://urologyresearchandpractice.org/](http://urologyresearchandpractice.org/)  \nContent of this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 International License.  \nPalani Balamurali Hanumanthappa Nandeesha Sreerag K Sreenivasan  \nDepartment of Biochemistry and Urology, JIPMER, Puducherry, India  \nCorresponding author: Hanumanthappa Nandeesha  \n􀀍 [nandijipmer@gmail.com](nandijipmer@gmail.com)  \n[Received:](Received: December 21)[ December 21](Received: December 21), 2024  \nRevision Requested: August 13, 2025  \nLast Revision Received: October 9, 2025  \nAccepted: October 13, 2025  \nPublication Date: December 5, 2025  \nCite this article as: Balamurali P, Nandeesha H, Sreenivasan SK. Relationship of growth differentiation factor-15,  \nE-cadherin, galectin-3, and psychological stress with quality of life and prostate size in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urol Res Pract. 2025;51(5):173-178 .  \n173  \nUrology Research and Practice 2025;51(5):173-178 Balamurali et al. Stress and Inflammation in BPH  \n","cbCaiuAaksLFIYVQ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuAaksLFIYVQ","pdf",243963,"English","# Abstract\n## Objective\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n# Introduction\n## Background on BPH and QOL\n## Role of psychological stress and inflammation\n## Rationale for GDF-15, galectin-3, and E-cadherin\n## Study aim","[{\"question\":\"What was the objective of the study in BPH patients?\",\"answer\":\"To investigate how growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), E-cadherin, galectin-3, and psychological stress relate to quality of life (QOL) and prostate size in benign prostatic hyperplasia.\"},{\"question\":\"How were psychological stress and quality of life measured?\",\"answer\":\"Psychological stress was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10). QOL related to urinary symptoms used a single question with a score range from delighted (0) to terrible (6).\"},{\"question\":\"What associations were found between prostate size, biomarker levels, and symptoms?\",\"answer\":\"Prostate size showed positive associations with E-cadherin, galectin-3, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), and QOL score. A significant correlation was also observed between E-cadherin and galectin-3.\"}]","Relationship of Growth Differentiation Factor-15, E-Cadherin, Galectin-3, and Psychological Stress with Quality of Life and Prostate Size in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia | PDF",1790714554,15]