[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-393929-105":59,"doc-detail-393929-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","reinventing-flashcards-to-increase-student-learning","Reinventing Flashcards to Increase Student Learning","","Two studies examined the effectiveness of a flashcard-based study strategy, Flashcards-Plus, in an ecologically valid context. Students created flashcards to retain, comprehend, and apply textbook material to exams. In Studies 1a and 1b, students using Flashcards-Plus scored significantly higher than those who did not. In Study 2, experimental courses received a classroom lecture on the method and outperformed control courses after the lecture. Across all studies, Flashcards-Plus improved exam performance and supported deeper processing through self-directed learning.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/reinventing-flashcards-to-increase-student-learning/393929/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/reinventing-flashcards-to-increase-student-learning/393929.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Liam","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-02","2026-09-26",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the Flashcards-Plus (FP) technique?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Flashcards-Plus is a flashcard study strategy where students create flashcards to support retention, comprehension, and application of textbook material for exam questions.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How did the studies evaluate the effectiveness of FP?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The research compared exam scores between students who learned and used Flashcards-Plus and students who did not, and in a larger study, some introductory courses received a classroom lecture on the strategy.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What results did the studies find about students who used FP?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Students who were introduced to the Flashcards-Plus strategy scored significantly higher on exams afterward than students who were not, including those taking exams following the lecture.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},393929,1790621228,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":36,"preview_page_count":4},8796095461564,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Reinventing Flashcards to Increase Student Learning  \nSawa Senzaki  \nUniversity of Wisconsin-Green Bay  \nJana Hackathorn Murray State University  \nDrew C . Appleby  \nIndiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis  \nRegan A. R. Gurung University of Wisconsin-Green Bay  \nAbstract  \nPsychology Learning & Teaching 0(0) 1–16  \n! The Author(s) 2017 Reprints and permissions:  \n[sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav](sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav)[ ](sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav)[DOI: 10.1177/1475725717719771](DOI: 10.1177/1475725717719771)[ ](DOI: 10.1177/1475725717719771)[journals.sagepub.com/home/plat](journals.sagepub.com/home/plat)  \nTwo studies examined the effectiveness of a flashcard-based study strategy, Flashcards-Plus, in an ecologically valid context. The strategy requires students to create flashcards designed to increase their ability to retain, comprehend, and apply textbook material to exams. In Studies 1a (n ¼ 73) and 1b (n ¼ 62), we introduced all students to the Flashcards-Plus method and compared their exam scores. Students who used this strategy scored significantly higher than those who did not. In Study 2 (n ¼ 434), we randomly assigned six introductory psychology courses to either receive a classroom lecture with the Flashcards-Plus strategy (i.e., three experimental courses) or no lecture (i.e., three control courses). Students in the experimental courses scored significantly higher than those in the control courses after the lecture. The results from all three studies demonstrate that students who were introduced to the Flashcards-Plus study strategy scored significantly higher on exams following the lecture than students who were not. These findings suggest that this easily implemented teaching strategy can help students achieve deeper levels of processing (i.e., comprehension and application) in a self-directed manner, which benefit students’ performance.  \nKeywords  \nFlashcards, study strategies, pedagogy, exams  \nCorresponding author:  \nSawa Senzaki, UW-Green Bay, 2420 Nicolet Drive, MAC C315, Green Bay, WI 54311, USA. Email: [senzakis@uwgb.edu](senzakis@uwgb.edu)  \nIntroduction  \nThe study techniques students use can affect their exam performance (Dunlosky, Rawson, Marsh, Nathan, & Willingham, 2013; Hattie, 2012, p. 265), but not all studying techniques are equally effective (Balch, 1998; Dunlosky et al., 2013; Gurung & McCann, 2012; Hackathorn et al., 2012) . We focused on ﬂashcards, a commonly used study method (Hartwig & Dunlosky, 2012) by studying the effectiveness of a new way to use ﬂashcards, the Flashcards-Plus (FP) technique (Appleby, 2013), in two different naturalistic classroom environments. FP expands the use of ﬂashcards to help students understand and prepare for three types of multiple-choice questions commonly found on psychology tests: those that measure retention, comprehension, and application.  \nIn reviewing the efﬁcacy of 10 commonly used studying techniques, Dunlosky and colleagues (2013) identiﬁed practice testing (or practice retrieval) and distributed practicing (or spaced practice) as the two most effective techniques. Students can engage in both of these high utility techniques through the use of ﬂashcards (Wissman, Rawson, & Pyc, 2012) . In the basic form of ﬂashcards, a term or concept appears on one side of an index card and its deﬁnition appears on the other side. Students look at the term and test whether they know the answer, ﬂipping the card to check. Surprisingly little classroom research on college student ﬂashcard use exists and has yielded mixed results (Golding, Wasarhaley, & Fletcher, 2012; Hartwig & Dunlosky, 2012) .  \nAlthough ﬂashcards are relatively easy to create and commonly used by college students (Wissman et al., 2012), the effectiveness of student-created ﬂashcards in a classroom is unclear. In an introductory psychology class, Golding et al. (2012) found that students who used ﬂashcards for the ﬁrst exam scored higher than students w","cbCaieUDDIo3GaPx","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieUDDIo3GaPx","pdf",224001,16,"English","# Introduction\n## Flashcards and study effectiveness\n## Limits of traditional flashcards in college\n## Deep-level processing and learning goals\n## The Flashcards-Plus (FP) approach","[{\"question\":\"What is the Flashcards-Plus (FP) technique?\",\"answer\":\"Flashcards-Plus is a flashcard study strategy where students create flashcards to support retention, comprehension, and application of textbook material for exam questions.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the studies evaluate the effectiveness of FP?\",\"answer\":\"The research compared exam scores between students who learned and used Flashcards-Plus and students who did not, and in a larger study, some introductory courses received a classroom lecture on the strategy.\"},{\"question\":\"What results did the studies find about students who used FP?\",\"answer\":\"Students who were introduced to the Flashcards-Plus strategy scored significantly higher on exams afterward than students who were not, including those taking exams following the lecture.\"}]","Reinventing Flashcards to Increase Student Learning | PDF",1790396408]