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Focusing on Amy Tan’s The Hundred Secret Senses and two Asian-Australian novels by women writers, Dewi Anggraeni’s Parallel Forces and Lillian Ng’s Swallowing Clouds, the analysis connects reincarnation’s symbolic framing to themes of identity, dislocation, and cross-cultural encounter. It foregrounds how representations of the “exotic East” and related Occidentalist dynamics shape characters’ experiences and narrative structures.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/reincarnation-the-orientalist-stereotypes-paper-by-amelberga-vita-astuti/156980/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/reincarnation-the-orientalist-stereotypes-paper-by-amelberga-vita-astuti/156980.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"8796093062539","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-18","2026-08-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the central question of the paper?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Whether Amy Tan’s use of reincarnation to reinforce Orientalist stereotypes can also be found in selected Asian-Australian novels that depict Australia’s multi-ethnic society.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which novels are analyzed in the paper?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Amy Tan’s The Hundred Secret Senses, Dewi Anggraeni’s Parallel Forces, and Lillian Ng’s Swallowing Clouds.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How do the paper’s selected novels frame reincarnation?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Each novel centers a female protagonist who is described as the reincarnation of a woman lived centuries earlier, often introduced through a prologue and delivered by soothsayers or psychic-like communication.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},156980,1787970701,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":66,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":143,"preview_page_count":4},8796093062539,"Reincarnation: The Orientalist Stereotypes  \nAMELBERGA VITA ASTUTI  \nMonash University  \nIn her third novel, The Hundred Secret Senses (1995), American writer Amy Tan reiterates the template of her previous two novels, The Joy Luck Club (1989) and The Kitchen God’s Wife (1991), in terms of exploring characters that represent the American melting pot. The China plot in this novel echoes Tan’s other novels, which appear to ‘redeploy ready-made stereotypes’ (Wagner 435) . Set in the nineteenth century, The Hundred Secret Senses is a story about a doomed romance. The novel’s framing narrative of reincarnation is told by Kwan, a Chinese girl who moves to America at the age of 12. Kwan, who has ‘yin’ eyes, meaning she can see and communicate with ghosts, tells the first person narrator Olivia, her half-sister, that in the previous life she (Kwan) was Nunumu, the one-eyed girl who befriended Miss Nelly Banner in 1864. The doomed romance between Miss Banner, an American, and Yiban, a Chinese-American, can only be redeemed by the fulfilment of the love of Olivia (the reincarnated Nelly Banner) and Olivia’s ex-husband Simon (the reincarnated Yiban) through Kwan’s act of self-sacrifice when Simon is lost in a cave near Kwan’s hometown in China.  \nTan’s use of the reincarnation narrative, represented in the Chinese background of the characters, shows her exploitation of the exotic East, reaffirming stereotypes of Orientalism. Here I use Said’s definition of Orientalism, which deals with ‘ideas about the Orient despite or beyond any correspondence, or lack thereof, with a ‘real’ Orient’ (Said 5) . The question that remains to be answered is whether Tan’s use of the concept of reincarnation to reinforce Orientalist stereotypes is also to be found in selected Asian-Australian novels that use the concept of reincarnation in their representations of Australia’s multi-ethnic society. It would also be interesting to examine how Asian-Australian writers use the concept of reincarnation to explore the individuals’ dislocated experiences in relation to their search for identity. In this paper, I explore the symbolic narratives of reincarnation in two novels by AsianAustralian women writers: Indonesian author Dewi Anggraeni’s second novel Parallel Forces (1988) and Chinese-Singaporean writer Lillian Ng’s second novel Swallowing Clouds (1997) . Each novel deals with a female protagonist who is the reincarnation of a woman who lived centuries ago. Unlike Tan’s Olivia, who knows her past as a result of her half-sister’s psychic abilities, these characters are each told that they are reincarnated souls by soothsayerson the outskirts of Asian cities. Both writers also use a prologue to introduce these characters’past lives, which then become the overarching premise framing their stories.  \nBy deploying more than one setting for the novel—both move across Asia and Australia—these Asian-Australian women writers establish connections with Orientalism and Occidentalism. In this paper, apart from showing evidence of the writers’ portrayals of Occidentalism through their Asian characters, I explore the different ways in which they attempt to represent Orientalist stereotypes, via the theme of reincarnation.  \nParallel Forces by Dewi Anggraeni: East and West Encounters  \nDewi Anggraeni is the most widely published of eleven female authors of Indonesian heritage in Australia. 1 However, her novels have received relatively little attention from literary critics. Each of Anggraeni’s novels is concerned with issues related to the migratory  \nexperience, from countries in Southeast Asia—particularly Indonesia—to Australia (Madsen 110) . Her fiction and non-fiction works continually portray ‘the complexities of negotiating cross-cultural differences’ (Madsen 100) and she states in an interview that her work is influenced by her own life (Anggraeni, Interview) . As an Indonesian-Australian journalist and fiction writer, Anggraeni sustains ‘an intercultural lifestyle t","cbCaia5okVe7YEH0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaia5okVe7YEH0","pdf",465412,"English","# Introduction\n## Reincarnation narratives and Orientalist stereotypes\n## Scope: Tan, Anggraeni, and Ng\n# Parallel Forces by Dewi Anggraeni: East and West Encounters\n## Author background and migratory experience\n## Plot structure: Amyrra, Claudine, and twin narration\n## Themes: identity, past/present, myth and reality\n## Family conflicts and sister rejection","[{\"question\":\"What is the central question of the paper?\",\"answer\":\"Whether Amy Tan’s use of reincarnation to reinforce Orientalist stereotypes can also be found in selected Asian-Australian novels that depict Australia’s multi-ethnic society.\"},{\"question\":\"Which novels are analyzed in the paper?\",\"answer\":\"Amy Tan’s The Hundred Secret Senses, Dewi Anggraeni’s Parallel Forces, and Lillian Ng’s Swallowing Clouds.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the paper’s selected novels frame reincarnation?\",\"answer\":\"Each novel centers a female protagonist who is described as the reincarnation of a woman lived centuries earlier, often introduced through a prologue and delivered by soothsayers or psychic-like communication.\"}]","Reincarnation: The Orientalist Stereotypes - Paper by Amelberga Vita Astuti | PDF",25]