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Participants completed a Persian Discourse Completion Task adapted from prior work, and responses were coded using Beebe, Tahakashi and Uliss-Weltz’s (1990) refusal-strategy taxonomy. Non-English learners used refusal strategies more frequently, whereas EFL learners added more adjuncts; differences were not statistically significant. Top strategies and adjuncts are identified, while gender effects were also non-significant, suggesting L2 may not drive L1 pragmatic change.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/refusal-strategies-of-iranian-university-english-as-a-foreign-language-and-non-english-learners-in-native-language-a-comparative-study/597999/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/refusal-strategies-of-iranian-university-english-as-a-foreign-language-and-non-english-learners-in-native-language-a-comparative-study/597999.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Indoniesian Boy","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-28","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the study’s main goal?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To examine whether exposure to English affects how EFL learners use refusal strategies compared with non-English learners when refusing in their native language, Persian.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were participants’ refusal responses collected and analyzed?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Participants completed a Persian Discourse Completion Task (DCT), and their responses were coded according to Beebe, Tahakashi and Uliss-Weltz (1990) refusal-strategy classifications.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What are the key findings about frequency and adjunct use?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Non-English learners used refusal strategies more frequently, while EFL learners used more adjuncts to refusals; however, the differences were not statistically significant.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},597999,1792165661,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962090760608,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Refusal Strategies of Iranian University English as a Foreign Language and Non-English Learners in Native Language: A Comparative Study  \nSeyyed Hatam Tamimi Sa’d*1 and Zohre Qadermazi2  \n• This study is an attempt to examine the possible effect that exposure to English has had on the use of refusal strategies in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners compared with those of non-English learners when refusing in their native language, Persian. The sample included 12 EFL learners and 12 learners of other academic majors including electronics, psychology, management, etc., who responded to a Persian Discourse Completion Task (DCT), adopted from Allami and Naeimi (2011), who has engaged in the speech act of refusal. The responses were coded according to the classification of refusal strategies as outlined by Beebe, Tahakashi and Uliss-Weltz (1990). The results indicated that non-English learners used the refusal strategies considerably more frequently than the EFL learners did, while the EFL learners utilized more adjuncts to refusals than the non-English learners did. However, the differences were not statistically significant. Furthermore, the first four most frequently used refusal strategies by both EFL and non-English groups were found to be“Non-performative statement”(in the case of direct strategies and in the form of “I can’t”),“Statement of regret”,“Excuse, reason or explanation”and “Attempt to dissuade interlocutor”(in the case of indirect strategies), and the most frequently used adjuncts to refusal strategies by both EFLand non-English groups were “Statement of positive opinions, feelings or agreement” and “Gratitude/Appreciation”. Furthermore, gender differences were not statistically significant either. The results can be evidence that the effect of the second language (L2) on the native language (L1) might not be at work in the pragmatic aspects of language learning.  \nKeywords: Refusal, Refusal Strategies, Speech Acts, English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Learners, Non-English Learners; Politeness  \n1 *Corresponding Author. Urmia University, Iran; [shtamimi90@gmail.com](shtamimi90@gmail.com)  \n2 Urmia University, Iran  \nOdklonilne strategije iranskih univerzitetnih študentovanglistike in študentov neanglistov v domačem jeziku: primerjalna študija  \nSeyyed Hatam Tamimi Sa’d* in Zohre Qadermazi  \n• V študiji skušamo preveriti mogoče učinke izpostavljenosti angleščini nauporabo odklonilnih strategij študentov anglistov v primerjavi s tistimi, ki jih imajo študentje neanglisti, ko jih odklanjajo v svojem domačem jeziku, perzijščini. V vzorec je bilo zajetih 12 študentov anglistike in 12 študentov drugih predmetnih smeri, kot so: elektronika, psihologija, uprava itn., ki so izpolnili diskurzno nalogo dopolnjevanja (ang. Discourse completion task), prirejeno po Allami in Naeimi (2011), ki sta se ukvarjala z govornim dejanjem odklanjanja. Za kodiranje odzivov vključenih študentov so uporabili klasifikacijo odklonilnih strategij Beebeja, Tahakashija in Uliss-Weltzove (1990). Rezultati kažejo, da so študentje neanglisti precej pogosteje uporabljali odklonilne strategije kot študentjeanglistike, medtem ko so se ti posluževali večjega števila pristavkov odklanjanja kot študentje neanglisti. A razlike niso bile statističnopomembne. Štiri najpogosteje uporabljene odklonilne strategije anglistov in neanglistov so vključevale: »neperformativne izjave« (pri direktnih strategijah oziroma pri odgovorih »I can’t.«), »izjave obžalovanja«,»opravičila, navajanja razlogov ali razlaganja« in »poskuse prepričevanja sogovornika« (pri indirektnih strategijah) . Pristavki odklanjanja, ki so jih študentje anglistike in tudi študentje neanglisti uporabljali v največjimeri, so se nanašali na »izjave pozitivnega mnenja, občutij in strinjanja« ter »zahvale/upoštevanja« . Tudi razlike med spoloma niso bile statistično pomembne. Rezultate lahko razumemo kot ugotovitev, da pri pragmatičnih vidikih jezikovnega procesiranja, tuj jezik ne učinkuje ","cbCaicbqdp5fXR8Z","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicbqdp5fXR8Z","pdf",312951,22,"English","# Introduction\n## Refusal strategies taxonomy (Direct, Indirect, Adjuncts)\n## Table 1. Classification of Refusal Strategies","[{\"question\":\"What is the study’s main goal?\",\"answer\":\"To examine whether exposure to English affects how EFL learners use refusal strategies compared with non-English learners when refusing in their native language, Persian.\"},{\"question\":\"How were participants’ refusal responses collected and analyzed?\",\"answer\":\"Participants completed a Persian Discourse Completion Task (DCT), and their responses were coded according to Beebe, Tahakashi and Uliss-Weltz (1990) refusal-strategy classifications.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the key findings about frequency and adjunct use?\",\"answer\":\"Non-English learners used refusal strategies more frequently, while EFL learners used more adjuncts to refusals; however, the differences were not statistically significant.\"}]","Refusal Strategies of Iranian University English as a Foreign Language and Non-English Learners in Native Language - A Comparative Study | PDF",1792086109,55]