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The study involves 188 eighth-grade students to examine gender effects and relationships between the two thinking domains. Results show no significant gender differences in reflective thinking toward problem solving and probabilistic thinking scores. No significant relationship appears between reflective and probabilistic thinking overall, though a gender-based low association emerges among females between probabilistic test dimensions and reflective questioning skills.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/reflective-thinking-and-probabilistic-thinking-an-example-of-elementary-school-students/588856/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/reflective-thinking-and-probabilistic-thinking-an-example-of-elementary-school-students/588856.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Chumphorn","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-06","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How many students participated in the study, and what grade level were they from?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study involved 188 eighth-grade students.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Did the research find gender differences in reflective thinking toward problem solving and probabilistic thinking?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"No significant difference was observed by gender in reflective thinking toward problem solving and probabilistic thinking scores.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Is there a significant relationship between reflective thinking and probabilistic thinking?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"No significant relationship was found between reflective thinking and probabilistic thinking overall.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},588856,1792885921,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336475401981,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/22000c94efd8d5204d?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786935347598174694","REFLECTIVE THINKING AND PROBABILISTIC THINKING: AN  \nEXAMPLE OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS  \nFeride OZYILDIRIM-GUMUS, Gulnar OZYILDIRIM  \nAbstract: Reflective thinking, problem solving and probabilistic thinking are important processes in mathematics education and considered to what extent those processes can be carried out by elementary school students is essential. The study is conducted with 188 eighth grade students. Asa result, no significant difference is observed in reflective thinking towards problem solving and probabilistic thinking scores according to gender. Also, no significant relationship is found between reflective thinking and probabilistic thinking. However, based on gender, random similarity dimension of probabilistic thinking test shows a low relationship with questioning dimension of Reflective Thinking Skill Scale Towards Problem Solving in terms of females.  \nKey words: probability, teaching probability, learning probability, problem solving, thinking reflectively, probabilistic thinking  \n1. Introduction  \nThe process of thinking, especially reflective thinking, which is understood to be important in both teacher and student learning, is defined as a standard and from past to present and many commissions, institutions, countries and local school administrations have thought that all students and teachers should endeavor on this (Rodgers 2002) . The reflection process helps learners to gain new knowledge while reducing imbalances of them (Xie, Ke, and Sharma 2008) . Reflective thinkers are aware of their learning, in this way, they can control their learning, recognize what they have learned and what they need to learn. Besides, they know how to complete the gaps between their learning (Dewey, 1933) . Thus, the student will be able to evaluate their own learning from a critical point of view; to make sense of himself / herself and the information better and to increase his / her learning at maximum level (Xie, Ke, and Sharma 2008) .  \n1. 1. Reflective Thinking and Problem Solving  \nIn literature reflective thinking is defined as \"active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusions to which it tends\" (p. 7) by Dewey (1933) . The other definition is given by Baron (1981), as thinking of options and reasons before adopting a belief or selection of options related to an action. Moreover, Schön (1987) discusses reflective thinking through two concepts as reflection-on-action and reflection-in-action. The reflection-in-action is explained as focusing on solving the situation at the time of an action, and reflection-on-action is clarified as evaluation of action after the action is completed by the researcher. Besides, Lee (2005) states that reflective thinking consists of three stages: recall; which means that a person is able to imitate his/her learning by defining his/her past experiences, interpretation; which is that he/she is able to find new ways by analyzing his/her experiences and reflection; which he/she is able to carry out future evaluation and to observe its effect.  \nRodgers (2002, p. 845) agrees with the definition of Dewey (1933) on reflective thinking, however; the researcher pointed four elements in order to gain functionality to it.  \n• Reflection is a meaning-making process that moves a learner from one experience into the next with deeper understanding of its relationships with and connections to other experiences and ideas. It is the  \nthread that makes continuity of learning possible, and ensures the progress of the individual and, ultimately, society. It is a means to essentially moral ends.  \n• Reflection is a systematic, rigorous, disciplined way of thinking, with its roots in scientific inquiry.  \n• Reflection needs to happen in community, in interaction with others.  \n• Reflection requires attitudes that value the personal and intellectual growth of oneself and others.  \nWhen","cbCaibQBW7zSsZrT","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibQBW7zSsZrT","pdf",360161,14,"English","# Introduction\n## Reflective Thinking and Problem Solving\n## Reflective thinking stages and relation to Polya’s problem-solving steps","[{\"question\":\"How many students participated in the study, and what grade level were they from?\",\"answer\":\"The study involved 188 eighth-grade students.\"},{\"question\":\"Did the research find gender differences in reflective thinking toward problem solving and probabilistic thinking?\",\"answer\":\"No significant difference was observed by gender in reflective thinking toward problem solving and probabilistic thinking scores.\"},{\"question\":\"Is there a significant relationship between reflective thinking and probabilistic thinking?\",\"answer\":\"No significant relationship was found between reflective thinking and probabilistic thinking overall.\"}]","REFLECTIVE THINKING AND PROBABILISTIC THINKING: AN EXAMPLE OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS | PDF",1792066068,35]