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This study developed and validated a refined surgical protocol for placing polycaprolactone–cholecalciferol-coated titanium microscrews into the proximal tibia of Sprague-Dawley rats. The protocol used enlarged cortical drilling to reduce friction while preserving coating integrity, then evaluated stability, healing, imaging outcomes, and animal welfare using clinical monitoring, micro-CT, and SEM.",{"@graph":69,"@context":115},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/refined-surgical-protocol-for-the-insertion-of-bioactive-coated-titanium-microscrews-in-the-rat-tibia/420494/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/refined-surgical-protocol-for-the-insertion-of-bioactive-coated-titanium-microscrews-in-the-rat-tibia/420494.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"CatatanPagi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Which methods were used to evaluate coating integrity, stability, healing, and welfare?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Evaluation relied on clinical observation for healing and welfare, micro-computed tomography for bone-to-implant contact, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess preservation of the nanofibrous coating morphology.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":117,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":119,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":121,"site_id":62},420494,1790811281,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":124},{"doc_id":121,"user_id":125,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":126,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":127,"file_id":128,"file_url":129,"file_type":130,"file_size":131,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":132,"language":133,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":134,"faqs":135,"seo_title":136,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":137,"read_time":138,"preview_page_count":4},962090894170,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","doi: 10.21873/invivo.14181  \nRefined Surgical Protocol for the Insertion of Bioactivecoated Titanium Microscrews in the Rat Tibia  \nALEXIS VERA-BECERRA1,2, IVÁN VALDIVIA-GANDUR3, PABLO ACUÑA-MARDONES2,4, FRANCISCA ACEVEDO5,6,7, CARLOS VEUTHEY8 and VÍCTOR BELTRÁN2,6  \n1 Master’s Program in Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; 2Clinical Research and Dental Innovation Center (CIDIC), Faculty of Dentistry,  \nUniversidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile;  \n3 Biomedical Department, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile;  \n4 PhD Program in Morphological Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile;  \n5 Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; 6Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Nucleus in Bioresources (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile;  \n7 Millennium Nucleus for Bioproducts, Genomics and Environmental Microbiology (BioGEM), Valparaíso, Chile; 8Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies (CEMyQ),  \nSchool of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile  \nAbstract  \nBackground/Aim: Sensitive bioactive coatings, such as polycaprolactone with cholecalciferol, present handling challenges in animal models due to their susceptibility to mechanical damage. This study aimed to develop and validate a refined surgical protocol for inserting such polycaprolactone-cholecalciferol-coated titanium microscrews into the proximal tibia ofSprague-Dawley rats, ensuring primary stability and preserving the integrity of the nanofibrous coating. Materials and Methods: Fourteen male Sprague-Dawley rats (300-350 g) were used: one pilot and 13 animals in the main trial. A 3D anatomical tibia model was created for in-vitro validation of the surgical technique. The refined protocol incorporated enlarged cortical drilling (1.8 mm) before inserting microscrews (1.5×7 mm) to minimize friction on the outer cortical bone. Multimodal anesthesia, postoperative analgesia, and systematic clinical monitoring were implemented. Coating integrity, primary stability, wound healing, and animal welfare were evaluated through clinical observation, micro-computed tomography, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) .  \nResults: The refined protocol achieved 100% procedural success. All implants reached immediate primary stability with uneventful first-intention healing and no critical adverse events. SEM confirmed preservation of morphology of the nanofibrous coating exclusively in the refined protocol group. Micro-computed tomography demonstrated consistent bone-to-implant contact in both cortical and trabecular compartments. Clinical recovery was rapid and spontaneous, with all animals maintaining optimal welfare indicators throughout follow-up. continued  \n✉ Víctor Beltrán, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile. Tel: +56 452734153, e-mail: victor.beltran@  \nufrontera.cl and Iván Valdivia-Gandur, Avenida Angamos 601, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile. e-mail: [ivan.valdivia@uantof.cl](ivan.valdivia@uantof.cl)  \nReceived September 8, 2025 | Revised October 9, 2025 | Accepted October 10, 2025  \nThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \n©2026 The Author(s) . Anticancer Research is published by the International Institute of Anticancer Research.  \nConclusion: The refined protocol safeguards the structural integrity of functionalized surfaces, ensures primary stability, and promotes early osseointegration, while complying with the principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement (3Rs). This model provides a valid experimental platform for investigations into osseointegration dynamicsand the controlled local release of therapeutic agents.  \nKeywords: Animal models, biocompatible coatings, titanium, tibia, osseointegrat","cbCaisgxsBHYkU5M","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisgxsBHYkU5M","pdf",1686094,11,"English","# Abstract\n## Background/Aim\n## Materials and Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n# Keywords\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"Which methods were used to evaluate coating integrity, stability, healing, and welfare?\",\"answer\":\"Evaluation relied on clinical observation for healing and welfare, micro-computed tomography for bone-to-implant contact, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess preservation of the nanofibrous coating morphology.\"}]","Refined Surgical Protocol for the Insertion of Bioactive-coated Titanium Microscrews in the Rat Tibia | PDF",1790621163,28]