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Courchene, outlining the purpose, negotiating scope, renegotiation of established programs, and implications for equalization, revenue guarantees, and reform proposals.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/refinancing-the-canadian-federation-a-survey-of-the-1977-fiscal-arrangements-act/568631/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/refinancing-the-canadian-federation-a-survey-of-the-1977-fiscal-arrangements-act/568631.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"CatatanPagi","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-10-13",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":30},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"What problem does the foreword highlight about Canadian fiscal arrangements?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"The foreword states that tax-revenue sharing between Ottawa and provincial governments has become bewilderingly complex for anyone other than field experts.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"Why does the C.D. 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UNIVERSITY  \nJUL031979TRUNI1000CANADIAN FEDERATIONA Survey of the 1977Fiscal Arrangements ActThomas J.Courchene  \nREFINANCING THE  \nC.D.HOWE RESEARCH INSTITUTE  \n■ C.D.Howe Research Institute  \nThe C.D.Howe Research Institute(HRI)is a private,non-political,non-profit organization founded in January,1973,by themerger of the C.D.Howe Memorial Foundation and the PrivatePlanning Association of Canada(PPAC),to undertake research intoCanadian economic policy issues,with emphasis on fiscal,monetary,and international trade policies.  \nHRI continues the activities of the PPAC.These include thework of three established committees,composed of agricultural,busi-ness,educational,labor,and professional leaders.The committeesare the Canadian Economic Policy Committee,which since 1961 hasbeen concentrating on Canadian economic issues;the Canadian-American Committee,which has dealt with relations betweenCanada and the United States since 1957 and is jointly sponsored byHRI and the National Planning Association in Washington;and theBritish-North American Committee,formed in 1969 and sponsoredjointly by HRI,NPA,and the British-North American Research As-sociation in London.Each of the three committees meets twice ayear to consider important current issues and to sponsor and reviewstudies that contribute to better public understanding of such issues.  \nIn addition to taking over the publications of the three PPACcommittees,HRI publishes the work of its staff,and occasionally ofoutside authors,in four other publications:HRI Observations,anumber of which are published each year;Policy Review and Out-look,published annually;Special Studies,to provide detailedanalysis of major policy issues;and Commentaries,to give wide cir-culation to the views of experts on issues of current Canadianinterest.  \nA Board of Directors is responsible for the general administra-tion of the Institute,while the immediate direction of the policies,program,and staff is vested in the President.The function of theBoard is to make independent research and publication possibleunder the most favorable conditions,and not to control or influencethe conduct and conclusions of research activity.  \nW.J.Bennett is Chairman,R.M.Fowler is Chairman of theExecutive Committee,and Carl E.Beigie is President and ChiefExecutive Officer of the Institute.Other officers are Paul Leman,Vice Chairman;Michel Bélanger,Honorary Treasurer;J.R.Tolmie,Honorary Secretary;and Constance Parsons,Corporate Secretary.  \nHRI publications are available from the Institute's offices,2064Sun Life Building,Montreal,Quebec H3B 2X7(telephone:514-879-1254).  \nREFINANCING THE  \n# CANADIAN FEDERATIONA Survey of the 1977Fiscal Arrangements Act\n\nThomas J.Courchene  \nH795A1C  \n■ Contents  \nPage  \nC.D.HoWE RESEARCH INSTITUTE ……………………  \n…………………………Insidefrontcover  \nFOREWORD …………………………………………  \n……………………………iv  \n1 Introduction…………………………………………  \nFinancial Relations and the Distribution of Powers……………………  \nScope of the Negotiations…………………………………  \n·  \nRenegotiation of Established Programs ..  \n2  \nOld Arrangements for Established Programs  \n····  \n12  \nNew Arrangements for Established Programs  \nImplementing the New Arrangements………  \n14  \n...........  \nGainers and Losers…………………………………………………  \n17  \n··  \nEvaluating the New Arrangements ……………………………………  \n20  \n25  \n3 Renegotiating Equalization Payments…  \nMechanics of Equalization …………………………  \n25  \n30  \nNew Arrangements ……………………………  \nReclassifying and Redefining Tax Bases  \n30  \n··.  \nEnergy and Equalization ………………………………………………………………………  \n31  \n32  \nOntario As a Have-Not Province ……………  \nFederal Response: Amending the System …………………………………………35  \nSome Further Properties of the Equalization Program ……………37  \nFunding of the Program ……………………  \n…………………………………………………38  \nProposals for Reform ……………  \n……………………………39  \n……………………………42  \n4 Revenue Guarantee ……………  \n………………………………47  \n5 Conclusion……………………","cbCaitGWBlpflQdx","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitGWBlpflQdx","pdf",3614346,"English","# Contents\n## Foreword\n## Introduction\n## Old Arrangements for Established Programs\n## New Arrangements for Established Programs\n## Renegotiating Equalization Payments\n## Revenue Guarantee\n## Conclusion\n## Selected Publications","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the foreword highlight about Canadian fiscal arrangements?\",\"answer\":\"The foreword states that tax-revenue sharing between Ottawa and provincial governments has become bewilderingly complex for anyone other than field experts.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the C.D. Howe Research Institute sponsor this survey?\",\"answer\":\"It sponsors publication to encourage wider public understanding of federal-provincial fiscal arrangements after major revisions and amendments.\"},{\"question\":\"Who authored the study and what is his role?\",\"answer\":\"The study is by Thomas J. Courchene, Professor of Economics at the University of Western Ontario.\"}]","REFINANCING THE CANADIAN FEDERATION - A Survey of the 1977 Fiscal Arrangements Act | PDF",1791871700,151]