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Case–control and cohort studies in English are included; studies after cancer diagnosis, case reports, interventions, and animal research are excluded. Quality and bias are assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, with publication bias via funnel plot and Egger’s test.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/reduction-of-head-and-neck-cancer-risk-following-smoking-cessation-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/332340/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/reduction-of-head-and-neck-cancer-risk-following-smoking-cessation-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/332340.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Oliver","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",10,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What was the objective of this study?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"To review available literature on how smoking cessation affects head and neck (HN) cancer risk.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How were studies selected and analyzed?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"A systematic search in Medline, PubMed, and Embase (to June 2022) identified English-language case–control and cohort studies; extracted RRs and 95% CIs were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What were the main findings about cancer risk after quitting smoking?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The risk of HN cancer was lower among former smokers than current smokers (RR 0.40), and the risk declined within the first 5 years of quitting, with dose–response evidence for increasing cessation duration.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},332340,1790138839,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,120,123,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":125},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":112,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":118,"preview_page_count":4},8796095461610,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Open access Original research  \nTo cite: Khalifeh M, Ginex P, Boffetta P. Reduction of head and neck cancer risk following smoking cessation:  \na systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2024;14:e074723 . doi:10 . 1136/ bmjopen-2023-074723  \n► Prepublication history and additional supplemental material for this paper are available online. To view these files, please visit the journal online ([https://doi.org/10.1136/](https://doi.org/10.1136/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.1136/)[bmjopen-2023-074723](bmjopen-2023-074723)) .  \nReceived 17 April 2023 Accepted 28 June 2024  \n© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.  \n1Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York, USA 2Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA 3Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy  \nCorrespondence to  \nDr Paolo Boffetta; paolo. boffetta@ [stonybrookmedicine.edu](stonybrookmedicine.edu)  \nReduction of head and neck cancer risk following smoking cessation: a systematic review and meta-analysis  \nMalak Khalifeh  ,1 Pamela Ginex,2 Paolo Boffetta2,3  \nABSTRACT  \nObjective Head and neck (HN) cancer comprises the neoplasms originating from the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. We aimed at reviewing the available literature on the effect of smoking cessation on HN cancer risk.  \nMethod We conducted a systematic search in Medline, PubMed and Embase to June 2022. We abstracted or calculated relative risks (RR) and 95% CIs of HN cancer after cessation of tobacco smoking (both former smoking status and duration of quitting) and combined them using random effects meta-analyses. Papers included were case–control or cohort studies available in the English language. Studies investigating smoking cessation after cancer diagnosis, case reports, intervention studies or animal studies were excluded. Quality and susceptibility to bias of each included study were evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plot and Egger’s test.  \nResults A total of 65 studies were included in the review, including 5 cohort and 60 case–control studies. The RR of HN cancer for former smokers compared with current smokers was 0.40 (95% CI 0.35 to 0.46). In an analysis by cancer site, the RR of oral cancer was 0.44 (95% CI 0.35 to 0 .55), that of pharyngeal cancer 0.44 (95% CI 0.32 to 0.60) and that of laryngeal cancer 0.38 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.50) . The dose-response meta-analysis was based on 37 studies. The RR per 10-year increase in smoking cessation was 0.47 (95% CI 0.43 to 0 .52) .  \nConclusions The risk of HN cancer declines within the first 5 years of quitting smoking. Quitting smoking is an essential element of HN cancer prevention.  \nTrial registration number The protocol has been deposited in the PROSPERO repository (CRD42022338262) .  \nINTRODUCTION  \nHead and neck (HN) cancer, comprising neoplasms originating from the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx, is considered the sixth most common cancer in the world, with an estimated 660 740 new cases in 2020.1 Smoking is one of the main factors associated with HN cancer.2 3 HN cancer has the highest proportion of cases attributable to smoking after lung cancer.4  \nQuitting smoking is challenging and knowing the benefits of quitting can be one factor to aid the cessation process. Having  \nSTRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY   \n⇒ Large number of studies and participants provide high statistical power.  \n⇒ Effect of duration of smoking cessation was precisely estimated.  \n⇒ Publication bias did not appear to have influenced the results.  \n⇒ Heterogeneity between studies was observed which may be due to differences in design and quality of studies.  \n⇒ Some studies did not provide adjusted risk ratio and only crude risk ratios were calculated leading to a higher risk of residual confounding.  \nhigh-quality evidence on the beneficial effect of smoking ces","cbCaioBZ0IcLjzyV","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioBZ0IcLjzyV","pdf",4063700,"English","# ABSTRACT\n## Objective\n## Method\n## Results\n## Conclusions\n# INTRODUCTION\n# STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY\n# METHOD","[{\"question\":\"What was the objective of this study?\",\"answer\":\"To review available literature on how smoking cessation affects head and neck (HN) cancer risk.\"},{\"question\":\"How were studies selected and analyzed?\",\"answer\":\"A systematic search in Medline, PubMed, and Embase (to June 2022) identified English-language case–control and cohort studies; extracted RRs and 95% CIs were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the main findings about cancer risk after quitting smoking?\",\"answer\":\"The risk of HN cancer was lower among former smokers than current smokers (RR 0.40), and the risk declined within the first 5 years of quitting, with dose–response evidence for increasing cessation duration.\"}]","Reduction of head and neck cancer risk following smoking cessation - a systematic review and meta-analysis | PDF",1789997769]