[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-127679-en":3,"doc-seo-127679-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},127679,962084925782,"Ava Thompson","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc",8,"Research & Report","Reducing Water Conveyance Footprint through an Advanced Optimization Framework","This study investigates the optimal and safe operation of pumping stations in water distribution systems (WDSs) to reduce the environmental footprint of water conveyance processes. A nonlinear chaotic honey badger algorithm (NCHBA) is proposed, using chaotic maps for improved exploration and faster convergence, guided by a nonlinear control parameter that balances local and global search. Single-objective tests show superior accuracy and convergence speed. A water network with two variable-speed pumps reduces energy consumption by 27%. Multi-objective pump scheduling is further addressed using MONCHBA, improving reliability while balancing energy, pressure, and water-quality risk to support carbon-footprint reduction and sustainable WDS management.","Article  \nReducing Water Conveyance Footprint through an Advanced Optimization Framework  \nJafar Jafari-Asl 1, Seyed Arman Hashemi Monfared 2,* and Soroush Abolfathi 3  \nCitation: Jafari-Asl, J.;  \nHashemi Monfared, S.A.; Abolfathi, S. Reducing Water Conveyance Footprint through an Advanced Optimization Framework. Water 2024, 16, 874. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/w16060874](10.3390/w16060874)  \nAcademic Editor: Didier Orange  \nReceived: 10 December 2023  \nRevised: 5 March 2024  \nAccepted: 14 March 2024  \nPublished: 18 March 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/license](https://creativecommons.org/license)[s/by/4.0/](s/by/4.0/)) .  \n1 Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering and Institute of Research and Development in Structures and Construction, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; [jafar.jafariasl@yahoo.com](jafar.jafariasl@yahoo.com)  \n2 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan 98167-45845, Iran  \n3 School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; [soroush.abolfathi@warwick.ac.uk](soroush.abolfathi@warwick.ac.uk)  \n* [Correspondence: hashemi@eng.usb.ac.ir](Correspondence: hashemi@eng.usb.ac.ir); Tel.: +98-912-539-7133  \nAbstract: This study investigates the optimal and safe operation of pumping stations in water distribution systems (WDSs) with the aim of reducing the environmental footprint of water conveyance processes. We introduced the nonlinear chaotic honey badger algorithm (NCHBA), a novel and robust optimization method. The proposed method utilizes chaotic maps to enhance exploration and convergence speed, incorporating a nonlinear control parameter to effectively balance local and global search dynamics. Single-objective optimization results on a WDS show that NCHBA outperforms other algorithms in solution accuracy and convergence speed. The application of the proposed approach on a water network with two variable-speed pumps demonstrated a significant 27% reduction in energy consumption. Expanding our focus to the multi-objective optimization of pump scheduling programs in large-scale water distribution systems (WDSs), we employ the non-dominated sorting nonlinear chaotic honey badger algorithm (MONCHBA) . The findings reveal that the use of variable-speed pumps not only enhances energy efficiency but also bolsters WDS reliability compared to the use of single-speed pumps. The results showcase the potential and robustness of the proposed multi-objective NCHBA in achieving an optimal Pareto front that effectively balances energy consumption, pressure levels, and water quality risk, facilitating carbon footprint reduction and sustainable management of WDSs.  \nKeywords: water distribution systems; water–energy nexus; multi-objective optimization; honey badger algorithm; metaheuristic algorithms; NCHBA  \n1. Introduction  \nOne of the main essential infrastructures of every urban area is the water distribution system (WDS), which delivers water of sufficient quality and quantity to consumers [1] . Pumping stations (PSs) are one of the most expensive parts of a WDS and have the most crucial role in supplying water with the proper pressure in the network, so their proper design and use are critical. Pumping an excess amount of water into the network increases energy consumption by raising the nodal pressure beyond the necessary pressure in the nodes, causing leaks, broken pipes, and, as a result, increasing the maintenance costs of the water distribution system [2] . On the other hand, if the pumping stations do not supply enough water to the consumers during the peak hours of the day and night, the network’s reliability will decrease [3]","cbCaio8hJQk6CqHd","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaio8hJQk6CqHd","pdf",1933316,1,29,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Pumping stations in water distribution systems\n## Optimization approaches and metaheuristics\n# Proposed optimization framework\n## Nonlinear chaotic honey badger algorithm (NCHBA)\n## Multi-objective extension with MONCHBA","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the study address in water distribution systems?\",\"answer\":\"It focuses on the optimal and safe operation of pumping stations to reduce the environmental footprint of water conveyance while maintaining network performance.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the proposed NCHBA improve optimization?\",\"answer\":\"NCHBA uses chaotic maps to enhance exploration and convergence speed, and a nonlinear control parameter to balance local and global search dynamics.\"},{\"question\":\"What benefits are shown for variable-speed pumps in the multi-objective setting?\",\"answer\":\"Using variable-speed pumps improves energy efficiency and strengthens WDS reliability while balancing energy use, pressure levels, and water-quality risk on an effective Pareto front.\"}]","Reducing Water Conveyance Footprint through an Advanced Optimization Framework | 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problem does the study address in water distribution systems?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"It focuses on the optimal and safe operation of pumping stations to reduce the environmental footprint of water conveyance while maintaining network performance.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"How does the proposed NCHBA improve optimization?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"NCHBA uses chaotic maps to enhance exploration and convergence speed, and a nonlinear control parameter to balance local and global search dynamics.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"What benefits are shown for variable-speed pumps in the multi-objective setting?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"Using variable-speed pumps improves energy efficiency and strengthens WDS reliability while balancing energy use, pressure levels, and water-quality risk on an effective Pareto 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