[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-444009-105":59,"doc-detail-444009-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","reducing-the-risk-of-nuclear-war-what-can-scholars-do-scholars-and-nuclear-security-studies","Reducing the Risk of Nuclear War: What Can Scholars Do? - Scholars and Nuclear Security Studies","","This article examines how scholars have contributed to reducing the risk of nuclear war through academic research, teaching, and policy engagement. It traces the origins of scholarly involvement from the Manhattan Project and highlights the emergence of strategic theory, nuclear deterrence, and arms control. It then describes the rise and decline of security studies, shaped by factors such as changing student interest, shifting foundation and federal support, and geopolitical pressures like the Cuban missile crisis and Vietnam War.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/reducing-the-risk-of-nuclear-war-what-can-scholars-do-scholars-and-nuclear-security-studies/444009/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/reducing-the-risk-of-nuclear-war-what-can-scholars-do-scholars-and-nuclear-security-studies/444009.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Alexandar","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-04","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the central challenge discussed regarding nuclear weapons?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Avoiding nuclear war is presented as the most important problem, with the emphasis that mistakes cannot be made in searching for solutions.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How did academic involvement in nuclear weapons begin?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The article traces it to U.S. government-sponsored work on the Manhattan Project in the early 1940s, which involved close collaboration between academic scientists and government.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why did security studies decline after a period of growth?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The article cites waning intellectual momentum, reduced urgency stemming from successful policy-influencing research, and the Vietnam War’s effect on student interest, along with reduced private and federal support for independent analysis.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},444009,1791100317,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962090768658,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","SPRING 1985  \n# Reducing the Risk of Nuclear War:What Can Scholars Do?\n\n\"The most important problem we face is how to avoid a nuclearwar,\"says Sidney D.Drell,a Stanford University physicistand arms control expert.“And this problem is unlike any other,because in the search for solutions,no mistakes can be made.\"  \nThe Corporation is not alone among large foundations con-centrating on nuciear war issues.The Ford and Rockefellerfoundations,which have long supported scholarly research,variously on international and national security,arms control,U.S.-Soviet relations,and Soviet foreign policy,are pursuingnew directions in grantmaking in these areas.The John D.andCatherine T.MacArthur Foundation has announced a three-year $25 million program to promote international securitystudies,an effort that was worked out in cooperation withCarnegie.Taken together,these programs represent a majorconcerted effort by the big foundations to deepen and enlargethe range of work being done in universities and independentresearch institutions on the issues posed by nuclear weapons.  \n# The Ups and Downs of Security Studies\n\nThe history of academic engagement with nuclear weaponsbegan with the U.S.government-sponsored \"Manhattan Proj-ect\"in the early 1940s.Secretly undertaken at the direction ofPresident Franklin D.Roosevelt,who feared the Axis Powersmight develop nuclear weapons first,that unprecedented col-laboration between academic scientists and government pro-duced the first atomic bomb.It also caused profound changesin the outlooks and careers of many of the scientists involved.  \nSays Sidney Drell,\"We scientists have created the forcesthat can destroy the world,and now our obligation as a com-munity is to see to it that the implications of nuclear weaponsfor policy are understood.\"For a number of the ManhattanProject scientists and their successors like Drell,the sense ofobligation has led them to educate policymakers and the publicabout the realities of new weapons technology (as well as thepeaceful uses of atomic energy)and to educate themselvesabout the “politics of nuclear war.”It has moved them to doresearch and teaching on these subjects in their universities andto train the next generation of scientists who they hope willworry about how their knowledge is used.  \nIn the late 1950s,the scattered discourse about internationalsecurity in the nuclear age coalesced into a lively academicenterprise.During this period the \"hard\"scientists were joinedby another group一political scientists,economists,gametheorists,and other academicians—who formulated the stra-tegic concepts that have largely set the terms of how Americansthink about \"the nuclear predicament.\"They articulated thecentral concept of nuclear deterrence —the notion that bymaintaining the capability to destroy each other the nuclearpowers deter each other from actually using that capability.Asparadoxical as it is,and as dependent as it is upon the sanityof leaders,the doctrine of deterrence is credited with keepingthe United States and the Soviet Union from going to war inthe past 35 years.Scholars also developed the idea of “armscontrol”—mutual restraint in the development and deploymentof weapons—as a way of providing some measure of securityfor both sides.  \nThomas C.Schelling,professor of economics at HarvardUniversity,was one of the central figures in the birth of stra-tegic theory during the 1950s and early 1960s.He recalls those  \nyears as a time of intellectual excitement and of easy discoursebetween academic analysts and government policymakers.Accelerated by the sobering experience of the Cuban missilecrisis of 1962,which seemed to bring the world to the brinkof nuclear war,the arms control process yielded its first result,the Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963.“There was,”recallsSchelling,“a great sense of intellectual advance.And therewas momentum for awhile.\"  \nThe golden age proved short-lived,however.From the late1960s through much of the 1970s,few students were drawn tot","cbCaifn8nyjSQuMm","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifn8nyjSQuMm","pdf",2928176,"English","# Reducing the Risk of Nuclear War: What Can Scholars Do?\n# The Ups and Downs of Security Studies\n# The Vicissitudes of Soviet Studies","[{\"question\":\"What is the central challenge discussed regarding nuclear weapons?\",\"answer\":\"Avoiding nuclear war is presented as the most important problem, with the emphasis that mistakes cannot be made in searching for solutions.\"},{\"question\":\"How did academic involvement in nuclear weapons begin?\",\"answer\":\"The article traces it to U.S. government-sponsored work on the Manhattan Project in the early 1940s, which involved close collaboration between academic scientists and government.\"},{\"question\":\"Why did security studies decline after a period of growth?\",\"answer\":\"The article cites waning intellectual momentum, reduced urgency stemming from successful policy-influencing research, and the Vietnam War’s effect on student interest, along with reduced private and federal support for independent analysis.\"}]","Reducing the Risk of Nuclear War: What Can Scholars Do? - Scholars and Nuclear Security Studies | PDF",1790706443,23]