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\nUniversity at Buffalo, United States  \nREVIEWED BY Ganjun Yu,  \nSecond Military Medical University, China Thanh Huong Phung,  \nHanoi University of Pharmacy, Vietnam  \n*CORRESPONDENCE Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud  \n [abamahmoud@taibah.edu.sa](abamahmoud@taibah.edu.sa)[ ](abamahmoud@taibah.edu.sa)Anwar M. Hashem  \n [amhashem@kau.edu.sa](amhashem@kau.edu.sa)  \nRECEIVED 05 December 2023  \nACCEPTED 21 February 2024  \nPUBLISHED 12 March 2024  \nCITATION  \nShebbo S, Binothman N, Darwaish M, Niaz HA, Abdulal RH, Borjac J, Hashem AMand Mahmoud AB (2024) Redefining the battle against colorectal cancer: a comprehensive review of emerging immunotherapies and their clinical efficacy. Front. Immunol. 15:1350208 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1350208  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2024 Shebbo, Binothman, Darwaish, Niaz, Abdulal, Borjac, Hashem and Mahmoud. This isan open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nRedefining the battle against colorectal cancer: a comprehensive review of emerging immunotherapies and their clinical efficacy  \nSalima Shebbo 1,2,3, Najat Binothman 2,4, Manar Darwaish 2,5  \n,  \nHanan A. Niaz 2,6, Rwaa H. Abdulal 2, Jamilah Borjac 3, Anwar M. Hashem 2,7* and Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud 1,8*  \n1Strategic Research and Innovation Laboratories, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia,  \n2Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh, Lebanon, 4 Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia, 5 Immunology Research Program, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 6 Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, 7 Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,  \n8College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawarah, Saudi Arabia  \nColorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer globally and presentsa significant challenge owing to its high mortality rate and the limitations of traditional treatment options such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. While these treatments are foundational, they are often poorly effective owing to tumor resistance. Immunotherapy is a groundbreaking alternative that has recently emerged and offers new hope for success by exploiting the body’sown immune system. This article aims to provide an extensive review of clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of various immunotherapies, including CRC vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. We also discuss combining CRC vaccines with monoclonal antibodies, delve into preclinical studies of novel cancer vaccines, and assess the impact of these treatment methods on patient outcomes. This review seeks to provide a deeper understanding of the current state of CRC treatment by evaluating innovative treatments and their potential to redefine the prognosis of patients with CRC.  \nKEYWORDS  \ncolorectal cancer, vaccines, immune-checkpoints inhibitors, CAR-T therapy, combinational therapy  \nFrontiers in Immunology 01 [frontiersin.org](frontiersin.org)  \n1 Introduction  \nColorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent cancer worldwide. In 2020, CRC was diagnosed in 1.93 million new patients and considered the second leading cause of canc","cbCaiaHxTWY43Imv","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaHxTWY43Imv","pdf",6548361,32,"English","# Introduction\n# Colorectal Cancer and the Need for New Therapies\n## Immunotherapy as a New Paradigm\n## Approved Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","[{\"question\":\"Why is colorectal cancer treatment considered challenging?\",\"answer\":\"CRC has high mortality and limited effectiveness of conventional therapies such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, largely because tumors often develop resistance.\"},{\"question\":\"How does immunotherapy differ from conventional treatments?\",\"answer\":\"Immunotherapy activates the patient’s own innate and adaptive immune responses to fight cancer progression, rather than relying primarily on standard local or cytotoxic treatments.\"},{\"question\":\"Which immunotherapy approaches does the review cover?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on clinical trials of CRC vaccines, CAR-T cell therapies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, and also discusses combining CRC vaccines with monoclonal antibodies as well as preclinical studies of novel cancer vaccines.\"}]","Redefining the battle against colorectal cancer - a comprehensive review of emerging immunotherapies and their clinical efficacy | PDF",1790040075,81]