[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-113547-en":3,"doc-seo-113547-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},113547,7971461741311,"Ophelia","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/74000253aff267980c6?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779345379180704826",8,"Research & Report","Recreation Demand and Pricing Policy for International Tourists in Developing Countries - Evidence from South Africa","National park agencies in Africa often lack incentives to maximize revenue amid declining conservation subsidies from the state. The study examines how pricing policy could generate funds for extensive conservation by estimating international tourists’ recreation demand for a major South African park, calculating consumer surplus, and identifying the revenue-maximizing entrance fee. Results indicate substantial underpricing and significant forgone income. Low entrance fees at popular parks leave national parks in developing countries without crucial revenue needed to counter biodiversity losses.","Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized  \nAUTHOR ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT  \nFINAL PUBLICATION INFORMATION  \nRecreation Demand and Pricing Policy for International Tourists in Developing Countries  \nEvidence from South Africa  \nThe definitive version of the text was subsequently published in  \nJournal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 10(3), 2021  \nPublished by Taylor and Francis and found at [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2020.1853609](http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2020.1853609)  \nTHE FINAL PUBLISHED VERSION OF THIS MANUSCRIPT IS AVAILABLE ON THE PUBLISHER’S PLATFORM  \nThis Author Accepted Manuscript is copyrighted by World Bank and published by Taylor and Francis. It is posted here by agreement between them. Changes resulting from the publishing process—such as editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms—may not be reflected in this version of the text.  \nYou may download, copy, and distribute this Author Accepted Manuscript for noncommercial purposes. Your license is limited by the following restrictions:  \n(1) You may use this Author Accepted Manuscript for noncommercial purposes only under a CC BY-NC-ND  \n3.0 IGO license [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo).  \n(2) The integrity of the work and identification of the author, copyright owner, and publisher must be preserved in any copy.  \n(3) You must attribute this Author Accepted Manuscript in the following format: This is an Author Accepted  \nManuscript by Mukanjari, Samson; Muchapondwa, Edwin; Demeke, Eyoual Recreation Demand and Pricing Policy for International Tourists in Developing Countries © World Bank, published in the Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy10(3) 2021 CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO [http://creativecommons.org/](http://creativecommons.org/)[ ](http://creativecommons.org/)licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2020.1853609](http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2020.1853609)  \n© 2022 World Bank  \nRecreation Demand and Pricing Policy for International Tourists in Developing  \nCountries: Evidence from South Africa  \nSamson Mukanjaria,b *, Edwin Muchapondwac,d and Eyoual Demekee  \naEnvironment for Development, University of Gothenburg,  \nBox 640, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden  \nbPublic and Environmental Economics Research Centre,  \nUniversity of Johannesburg,  \nKingsway & University Road, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa  \ncEnvironmental Policy Research Unit,  \nSchool of Economics, University of Cape Town,  \nPrivate Bag, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa  \ndDepartment of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Luleå University of Technology,  \nSE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden  \neThe World Bank Group, Addis Ababa Office  \nOctober 2020  \n* We would like to thank Peter Berck, Gardner Brown, Jr., David F. Layton, Thomas Sterner, Inge van den Bijgaart and an anonymous referee, as well as participants at the Fourth Workshop on Non-Market Valuation in Bordeaux and the 22nd Annual European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Conference for helpful comments and suggestions. The paper also benefited from numerous discussions with Martin Chegere, Johane Dikgang, Josephine Gatua, Richard Mulwa and Tewodros Tesemma. We thank Gerald Kibira, Stephen Kirama, Amanda Musandiwa, Realeboga Ngwanaeng and Nomsa Nkosi for assistance with the fieldwork. We are grateful to Joep Stevens of SANParks (South African National Parks) for assistance with data. Financial support from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) through the Environment for Development Initiative (EfD) and the Economic Research Southern Africa (ERSA) is gratefully acknowledged. An earlier version of this paper appears as ERSA Working Paper No. 743. Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [samson.mukanjari@economics.gu.se](samson.mukanjari@economics.gu.se) (S. Mukanjari), [edwin.muchapondwa@uct.ac.za](edwin.","cbCainUdxO5KOXv3","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainUdxO5KOXv3","pdf",519578,1,30,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Background and motivation\n## Study approach and objectives\n## Key findings and implications","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the paper address about African national parks?\",\"answer\":\"It addresses weak incentives to maximize revenue despite declining conservation subsidies, which contributes to strained park finances and limited funding for conservation.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study estimate recreation demand and determine pricing?\",\"answer\":\"It estimates international tourists’ recreation demand for a popular South African park, calculates consumer surplus, and derives the entrance fee that maximizes revenue.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the results imply about current entrance fees?\",\"answer\":\"The findings suggest substantial underpricing, meaning national parks forgo significant income that 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