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Using a retrospective population-based design with linked administrative databases from ICES, the study includes women with stage I to III disease diagnosed from January 2010 through April 2016. Immigrants are younger, more often have stage III disease, and are significantly less likely to receive both immediate and delayed reconstruction, with larger differences for delayed reconstruction. Results also identify specific origin regions needing further equity-focused research.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/reconstructive-surgery-and-immigration-status-among-females-with-breast-cancer-research/358461/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/reconstructive-surgery-and-immigration-status-among-females-with-breast-cancer-research/358461.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Emma Wilson","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How were immigrants and nonimmigrants defined in the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Patients were categorized as immigrants if they arrived in Canada from 1985 onward. Others were considered nonimmigrants.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What population and treatment criteria were included?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Female patients with stage I to III breast cancer diagnosed from January 2010 through April 2016 and treated with mastectomy were included. Patients with in-situ only disease, missing staging, another cancer diagnosis, no provincial coverage, or rural residence were excluded.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What were the key findings about reconstruction rates?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Immigrants were less likely to undergo breast reconstruction than nonimmigrants (OR 0.54). The difference was more pronounced for delayed reconstruction than immediate reconstruction, and lower reconstruction likelihood persisted across disease stages.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},358461,1790765303,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},3848291630094,"https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","RESEARCH • RECHERCHE  \nReconstructive surgery and immigration status among females with breast cancer  \nOlivia Lovrics, MD, MSc  \nDavid Kirkwood, MSc Christopher J. Coroneos, MD, MSc Gregory Pond, PhD  \nNicole Hodgson, MD, MSc Aristithes G. Doumouras, MD, MPH Jessica Bogach, MD, MSc  \nMark Levine, MD, MSc  \nElena Parvez, MD, MSc Accepted Oct. 23, 2025  \nCorrespondence to:  \nE. Parvez  \n711 Concession St. B3-155 Hamilton ON L8V 1C3 [parveze@mcmaster.ca](parveze@mcmaster.ca)  \nCite as: Can J Surg 2026 January 20;  \n69(1) . doi: 10. 1503/cjs.012324  \nBackground: Immigrants are susceptible to marginalization within health care systems, and breast reconstruction after mastectomy is a procedure prone to disparities in delivery. We sought to measure differences in immediate and delayed reconstruction between immigrant and nonimmigrant females with breast cancer in urban Ontario, Canada.  \nMethods: We conducted a retrospective population-based study using linked administrative databases held at ICES. We included female patients with stage I to III breast cancer, diagnosed from January 2010 through April 2016, who were treated with mastectomy. We excluded those with in situ disease only, missing staging data, another cancer diagnosis, no provincial health coverage, or rural residence. We categorized patients as immigrants if they arrived in Canada from 1985 onward. We compared the proportions of immigrants and nonimmigrants who underwent breast reconstruction.  \nResults: We identified 2174 immigrants and 12 052 nonimmigrants. Immigrants were younger (mean age 53.3 yr v. 62.2 yr) and more often had stage III disease (32.8% v. 29.7%). They were less likely to undergo reconstruction (odds ratio [OR] 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.48 to 0.62) . In stratified analyses by age (\u003C 50 yr and ≥ 50 yr), compared with nonimmigrants, the odds ratio for reconstruction was 0.51 (95% CI 0.44 to 0.60) in immigrants younger than 50 years and 1.12 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.30) in those aged 50 years and older. The difference between groups was more pronounced for delayed (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.56) than immediate (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.00) reconstruction. Immigrants were less likely to undergo reconstruction regardless of disease stage. Those from East Asian or Pacific, South Asian, and subSaharan African regions were least likely to undergo reconstruction.  \nConclusion: Immigrant females were less likely to undergo breast reconstruction than nonimmigrant females. This study identified subgroups for further research to understand how to ensure equitable access to this important health care resource.  \nContexte : Les personnes immigrantes sont exposées à la marginalisation dans les systèmes de santé, et la reconstruction mammaire après une mastectomie est une intervention dont la prestation est sujette à des disparités. Nous avons cherché à mesurer les différences de reconstruction immédiate et différée entre les femmes immigrantes et non immigrantes atteintes d’un cancer du sein en milieu urbain en Ontario (Canada) .  \nMéthodes : Nous avons mené une étude populationnelle rétrospective à partir debases de données administratives couplées détenues à l’ICES. Nous avons inclus des femmes atteintes d’un cancer du sein de stade I à III diagnostiqué entre janvier 2010 et avril 2016, et traitées par mastectomie. Nous avons exclu les cas suivants : maladiestrictement in situ, données de stadification manquantes, diagnostic d’un autre cancer, absence de couverture provinciale d’assurance maladie ou lieu de résidence en milieu rural. Nous avons classé les patientes dans le groupe des immigrantes si elles étaient arrivées au Canada en 1985 ou ultérieurement. Nous avons ensuite comparé les proportions de femmes immigrantes et non immigrantes ayant reçu une reconstruction mammaire.  \nRésultats : Nous avons recensé 2174 immigrantes et 12 052 non-immigrantes. Les immigrantes étaient plus jeunes (âge moyen 53,3 ans comparativement à 62,2 ans) et présentaient plus so","cbCaisvw4OpF3j05","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisvw4OpF3j05","pdf",151201,"English","# Background\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"How were immigrants and nonimmigrants defined in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Patients were categorized as immigrants if they arrived in Canada from 1985 onward. Others were considered nonimmigrants.\"},{\"question\":\"What population and treatment criteria were included?\",\"answer\":\"Female patients with stage I to III breast cancer diagnosed from January 2010 through April 2016 and treated with mastectomy were included. Patients with in-situ only disease, missing staging, another cancer diagnosis, no provincial coverage, or rural residence were excluded.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the key findings about reconstruction rates?\",\"answer\":\"Immigrants were less likely to undergo breast reconstruction than nonimmigrants (OR 0.54). The difference was more pronounced for delayed reconstruction than immediate reconstruction, and lower reconstruction likelihood persisted across disease stages.\"}]","Reconstructive surgery and immigration status among females with breast cancer - research | PDF",1790134238,25]