[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-586657-105":59,"doc-detail-586657-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","recognizing-trauma-why-school-discipline-reform-needs-to-consider-student-homelessness","RECOGNIZING TRAUMA: WHY SCHOOL DISCIPLINE REFORM NEEDS TO CONSIDER STUDENT HOMELESSNESS","","Michigan students who are currently or were formerly homeless experience disproportionately high suspension and expulsion rates in public and charter schools. The brief highlights that Black students, elementary students, and children facing housing instability are especially impacted. Evidence summarized links harsher discipline to long-term negative outcomes, and contrasts it with restorative justice and trauma-informed approaches that reduce out-of-school suspensions and related system referrals. The report analyzes disciplinary rates among currently housed students with prior homelessness as well.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/recognizing-trauma-why-school-discipline-reform-needs-to-consider-student-homelessness/586657/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/recognizing-trauma-why-school-discipline-reform-needs-to-consider-student-homelessness/586657.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Angel","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-12","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does homelessness affect school discipline in Michigan?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Students who are currently or formerly homeless face much higher suspension and expulsion rates than housed peers. The brief reports higher disciplinary action rates for both currently homeless students and those who found stable housing after experiencing homelessness.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which students are most disproportionately affected?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Black students and elementary students experiencing housing instability face especially high disciplinary impacts. The brief also shows former homelessness can drive the highest rates of suspension and expulsion among students.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why do the authors argue discipline policies should be trauma-informed?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The brief explains that trauma can trigger fight-or-flight responses that are often misread as misconduct. Harsh consequences do not improve behavior and can re-traumatize students, while restorative and trauma-informed approaches reduce referrals and out-of-school suspensions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},586657,1792165681,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46,"preview_page_count":4},687207412472,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","RECOGNIZING TRAUMA: WHY SCHOOL DISCIPLINE REFORM NEEDS TO CONSIDER STUDENT HOMELESSNESS  \nBy Jennifer Erb-Downward and Michael Blakeslee MAY 2021  \nSUMMARY  \nMichigan students who are currently or were formerly homeless are disproportionately disciplined by Michigan public and charter schools. Black students and elementary students experiencing housing instability are particularly impacted.  \nINTRODUCTION  \nMichigan thrives when its children thrive. While policymakers, educators, and families all know this tobe true, widespread use of suspension by the state’s public schools is leaving lasting scars on students. Compared to other states, Michigan schools have some of the highest suspension rates in the country. Two school districts rank among the top 10 nationally for suspensions among elementary schoolchildren1 and the state’s out-of-school suspension rate in school year 2015-16 was two percentage points higher than the national average (7% vs. 5%, respectively) .2 Extensive research has linked both suspensions and expulsionsto negative educational and life outcomes for children, including lower rates of proficiency on state math and English Language Arts examinations and increase in the risk of dropping out of school. Even 12 years later, suspended youth are less likely to earn a bachelor’s degree and are more likely to have been arrested or on probation than their peers who were not suspended.3 By comparison, research shows that positive school culture and the implementation of restorative justice and trauma-informed approaches reduce both in-school discipline referrals and out-of-school suspensions.4 In a study of 18 school districts across multiple geographies, districts that implemented restorative practice experienced an 8% decrease in middle school out-of-school suspensions, as well as a 43% drop in the number of Black youth referred to the juvenile justice system for school offenses.5 Similarly research has highlighted the importance of school culture in efforts to reduce disciplinary actions.6  \nKEY TAKEAWAYS  \n• Greater economic and housing instability is associated with higher rates of disciplinary action. Housed students who were economically disadvantaged were suspended at rates close to three times those of their housed peers who were not economically disadvantaged (11% vs. 4%, respectively) . Homeless students faced even higher rates of disciplinary action at 16% .  \n• The association between homelessness and higher rates of disciplinary action persisted even after stable housing was found. Michigan students who were currently housed but had experienced homelessness at any point in the last eight years were disciplined at rates even higher than their currently homeless peers (18% vs. 16%, respectively) . *  \n• A strong intersection exists between race, economic security, and housing stability when it comes to disciplinary action rates for Michigan’s students. While across all races and ethnicities the same pattern persists, with formerly homeless students facing the highest rates of suspension and expulsion, Black students are disproportionately impacted. The U.S. has a long history of criminalizing Black people, and the pattern extends to the inequitable application of school discipline policies. Among students who were formerly homeless, Black students faced disciplinary action at close to four times the rate of their Asian formerly homeless peers (27% vs. 7%) .  \n• Even very young elementary students who experienced homelessness faced high rates of suspension. In SY 2017-18, 9% of ever-homeless children in second grade and under were suspended or expelled. This disciplinary action rate is on par with high school students who had never experienced homelessness (8%) .  \n* Eight years is the number of years data on former homelessness were available from the Michigan Department of Education.  \nOne key finding that repeatedly emerges in the research on how to improve school disciplinary practices is the importan","cbCaie1z9YByuGGz","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaie1z9YByuGGz","pdf",401407,"English","# Summary\n# Introduction\n# Key Takeaways\n# Economic and Housing Instability and the Risk of Disciplinary Action","[{\"question\":\"How does homelessness affect school discipline in Michigan?\",\"answer\":\"Students who are currently or formerly homeless face much higher suspension and expulsion rates than housed peers. The brief reports higher disciplinary action rates for both currently homeless students and those who found stable housing after experiencing homelessness.\"},{\"question\":\"Which students are most disproportionately affected?\",\"answer\":\"Black students and elementary students experiencing housing instability face especially high disciplinary impacts. The brief also shows former homelessness can drive the highest rates of suspension and expulsion among students.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do the authors argue discipline policies should be trauma-informed?\",\"answer\":\"The brief explains that trauma can trigger fight-or-flight responses that are often misread as misconduct. Harsh consequences do not improve behavior and can re-traumatize students, while restorative and trauma-informed approaches reduce referrals and out-of-school suspensions.\"}]","RECOGNIZING TRAUMA: WHY SCHOOL DISCIPLINE REFORM NEEDS TO CONSIDER STUDENT HOMELESSNESS | PDF",1792058774]