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HPV-16 is the most carcinogenic type, while HPV-18 and multiple additional high-risk types are supported causes of cervical cancer. L1 protein-based virus-like particles underpin commercial vaccines. Six licensed prophylactic vaccines exist, with bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent coverage. Vaccination is most effective before sexual debut, and catch-up programs reduce infection and disease.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/recent-developments-in-human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccinology-anna-lise-williamson/380237/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/recent-developments-in-human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccinology-anna-lise-williamson/380237.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aria Callaghan","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is HPV considered a causal factor in certain cancers?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"HPV is causally associated with 5% of cancers, including cervix, penis, vulva, vagina, anus, and oropharynx. The most carcinogenic type is HPV-16, and there is sufficient evidence linking several other HPV types to cervical cancer.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What role does the HPV L1 protein play in vaccines?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"HPV vaccines are based on the L1 protein, which assembles into virus-like particles. This structure induces HPV-type-specific neutralising antibodies.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which prophylactic HPV vaccines are licensed and what do they cover?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"There are six licensed prophylactic HPV vaccines: three bivalent, two quadrivalent, and one nonavalent vaccine. The bivalent vaccines protect against HPV-16 and HPV-18, which are linked to over 70% of cervical cancers.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},380237,1790563286,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962084926284,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","viruses   \nReview  \nRecent Developments in Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccinology  \nAnna-Lise Williamson   \nCitation: Williamson, A.-L. Recent Developments in Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccinology. Viruses 2023, 15, 1440. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/v15071440](doi.org/10.3390/v15071440)  \nAcademic Editor: Tina Dalianis  \nReceived: 27 May 2023  \nRevised: 14 June 2023  \nAccepted: 15 June 2023  \nPublished: 26 June 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine/SAMRC Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre/Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; [anna-lise.williamson@uct.ac.za](anna-lise.williamson@uct.ac.za); Tel.: +27-834628798  \nAbstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is causally associated with 5% of cancers, including cancers of the cervix, penis, vulva, vagina, anus and oropharynx. The most carcinogenic HPV is HPV-16, which dominates the types causing cancer. There is also sufficient evidence that HPV types 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58 and 59 cause cervical cancer. The L1 protein, which, when assembled into virus-like particles, induces HPV-type-specific neutralising antibodies, forms the basis of all commercial HPV vaccines. There are six licensed prophylactic HPV vaccines: three bivalent, two quadrivalent and one nonavalent vaccine. The bivalent vaccines protect from HPV types 16 and 18, which are associated with more than 70% of cervical cancers. Prophylactic vaccination targets children before sexual debut, but there are now catch-up campaigns, which have also been shown to be beneficial in reducing HPV infection and disease. HPV vaccination of adults after treatment for cervical lesions or recurrent respiratory papillomatosis has impacted recurrence. Gender-neutral vaccination will improve herd immunity and prevent infection in men and women. HPV vaccines are immunogenic in people living with HIV, but more research is needed on the long-term impact of vaccination and to determine whether further boosters are required.  \nKeywords: papillomavirus; HPV vaccine; cervical cancer; anal cancer  \n1. Cancers Associated with Human Papillomavirus  \nHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is causally associated with 5% of cancers, including cancers of the cervix, penis, vulva, vagina, anus and oropharynx [1–3] . There is also evidence of HPV's role in conjunctival cancers [4] . The most important HPV-associated cancer is that of the cervix (refer to Figure 1); over 95% of cervical cancers are associated with HPV, and in 2018, there were about 570,000 new cases and 311,000 deaths globally [5] . The burden of cervical disease is unevenly distributed, with more than 85% of cases and deaths occurring in low-income and middle-income countries [6] . These differences are primarily due to poor cervical cancer screening and treatment programmes [7] . HPV is associated with up to 70% of oropharyngeal cancers, and oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) in Europe and North America continue to rise [8] . In the United States, oropharyngeal cancersnow outnumber cervical cancer cases and are the number one HPV-related cancer [9] . While the role of HPV in oesophageal cancers remains uncertain, HPV can be detected in a subgroup of these cancers [10,11] . A study conducted in South Africa demonstrated that oesophageal cancer was statistically significantly associated with increased anti-HPV- 16 IgG antibody levels [12] . It was estimated that, globally, there were 30,416 cases ofsquamous cell carcinoma of the anus caused by HPV on an annual basis. Two-thirds of these cases occurred in women [13] .  \nVi","cbCainhsCVJtFH8R","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainhsCVJtFH8R","pdf",1356892,13,"English","# Cancers Associated with Human Papillomavirus\n## Global burden and disparities\n## Other HPV-associated cancer types\n# Structure of Human Papillomavirus\n## Virion composition and genome\n## Viral protein functions\n## Taxonomy and classification","[{\"question\":\"Why is HPV considered a causal factor in certain cancers?\",\"answer\":\"HPV is causally associated with 5% of cancers, including cervix, penis, vulva, vagina, anus, and oropharynx. The most carcinogenic type is HPV-16, and there is sufficient evidence linking several other HPV types to cervical cancer.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does the HPV L1 protein play in vaccines?\",\"answer\":\"HPV vaccines are based on the L1 protein, which assembles into virus-like particles. This structure induces HPV-type-specific neutralising antibodies.\"},{\"question\":\"Which prophylactic HPV vaccines are licensed and what do they cover?\",\"answer\":\"There are six licensed prophylactic HPV vaccines: three bivalent, two quadrivalent, and one nonavalent vaccine. The bivalent vaccines protect against HPV-16 and HPV-18, which are linked to over 70% of cervical cancers.\"}]","Recent Developments in Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccinology - Anna-Lise Williamson | PDF",1790239328,33]