[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40247-en":3,"doc-seo-40247-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},40247,1649267921044,"Ava Thompson","https://us-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1800007509477c92dfb?_k=1782875107921204101",8,"Research & Report","Reaping the Whirlwind: Soviet Economics and Politics, 1928-1932","Reaping the Whirlwind: Soviet Economics and Politics, 1928-1932 examines how coercion and repression shaped Soviet political and economic change during the “great turn.” It argues that attempts to impose socialism without popular support discredited socialism itself and narrowed its social base. The overview connects internal party struggles, grain procurement crisis, industrialization and collectivization conflicts, and the social costs of the Stalin group’s victory, highlighting how these legacies influenced later communist development.","Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line  \nPaul Costello  \nReaping the Whirlwind: Soviet Economics and Politics, 1928-1932  \nFirst Published: Theoretical Review No. 27, March-April 1982  \nTranscription, Editing and Markup: Paul Saba  \nCopyright: This work is in the Public Domain under the Creative Commons Common Deed. You can freely copy, distribute and display this work; as well as make derivative and commercial works. Please credit the Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line as your source, include the url to this work, and note any of the transcribers, editors & proofreaders above.  \nPol Pot’s Kampuchea. Babrak Karmal’s Afghanistan. Jeruzelski’s Poland. These three momentsin the crisis of world communism represent different but related expressions of an inescapable contradiction: between the programs of a Party and State committed to a particular theory and practice of socialism, and a population, in the main indifferent or opposed to them. In each of these cases the Party and State chose not to handle the contradiction by means of slow and patient political-ideological struggle, but through the use of coercion, violence and repression. The result in Kampuchea was torture and murder on a mass scale. The Afghan regime was able to survive only thanks to the support provided by an occupying foreign army, and in Poland we have witnessed a process by which the working class in an advanced industrial society has been alienated from Marxism by the systematic abuse it has suffered at the hands of a corrupt Party and governmental bureaucracy, all in the name of socialism.  \nAs a result of the coercive measures taken in response to this contradiction, the crisis in these three countries was deepened and intensified, rather than resolved. The social and popular base of socialism was further narrowed, while the State repressive apparatuses were enormously expanded. In short, by attempting to impose socialism by force–without the support of the  \npeople–the idea of socialism itself has been discredited, and the material conditions for its development, of necessity, had to be abandoned.  \nThis fatally incorrect approach to handling contradictions with the people is certainly not a new development. Yet it must be admitted that its legitimacy among so many communists largely results from its first and most important application in this century: the “great turn” in the Soviet Onion in the years 1928-1932. Anti-communists have always attempted to present this period asthe logical result of the Bolshevik Revolution, while apologists for the Soviet socialism of the 1930s have also attempted to legitimate the Stalin period as a new stage in the development of Leninism. Even those who disagree with both these views will unite with them in one respect: a fundamental transformation of Soviet society was accomplished in the years 1928-1932, a transformation whose effects would influence the course of Soviet and world communist development for years to come. In the last issue of the Theoretical Review we examined some of the effects of this transformation on the international communist movement. [  1] In this issue we will examine certain of the more important economic and political changes in the USSR which occurred in this period which directly affected the way the government and party related to the masses and sought to influence them, as well as their changing vision of socialist construction. Soviet developments in this period have bequethed to us a particular legacy which world communism has not yet been able, or willing to abandon, but from which a break is absolutely essential if what happened in Kampuchea, Afghanistan and Poland is not to recur.  \nThis article is an attempt to provide an overview of Soviet developments in those critical years. We begin with an examination of what we consider to be Lenin’s political testament, and then go immediately to the economic and political struggles within the Bolshevik Party in the 1926-1927 period.","cbCairSmxoCQyyLr","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairSmxoCQyyLr","pdf",304898,4,1,23,"English","en",105,"# Reaping the Whirlwind: Soviet Economics and Politics (1928–1932)\n## Framing contradiction, coercion, and mass repression\n## Lenin’s Political Testament\n## NEP: The Legacy of 1923\n## Bolshevik Party struggles and the road to the “great turn\"","[{\"question\":\"What core contradiction does the text use to explain crises in multiple countries?\",\"answer\":\"It frames an inescapable contradiction between party-state programs committed to a theory of socialism and a population largely indifferent or opposed. Instead of resolving it through slow ideological struggle, the party-state used coercion, violence, and repression.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the article characterize the “great turn” in the Soviet Union (1928–1932)?\",\"answer\":\"It presents 1928–1932 as the decisive early application of the coercive approach, producing profound transformation in Soviet society. The text argues the approach deepened crises rather than resolving them.\"},{\"question\":\"What topics does the article plan to cover in its overview of the critical years?\",\"answer\":\"It outlines an examination of Lenin’s political testament, Bolshevik internal struggles in 1926–1927, the grain procurement crisis of 1928–1929, debates over industrialization and collectivization, and concludes with the social costs of the Stalin group’s victory.\"}]",1783307306,58,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"reaping-the-whirlwind-soviet-economics-and-politics-1928-1932","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/reaping-the-whirlwind-soviet-economics-and-politics-1928-1932/40247/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-15","2026-07-06",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What core contradiction does the text use to explain crises in multiple countries?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"It frames an inescapable contradiction between party-state programs committed to a theory of socialism and a population largely indifferent or opposed. Instead of resolving it through slow ideological struggle, the party-state used coercion, violence, and repression.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does the article characterize the “great turn” in the Soviet Union (1928–1932)?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"It presents 1928–1932 as the decisive early application of the coercive approach, producing profound transformation in Soviet society. The text argues the approach deepened crises rather than resolving them.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What topics does the article plan to cover in its overview of the critical years?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"It outlines an examination of Lenin’s political testament, Bolshevik internal struggles in 1926–1927, the grain procurement crisis of 1928–1929, debates over industrialization and collectivization, and concludes with the social costs of the Stalin group’s victory.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]