[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-182236-en":3,"doc-seo-182236-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},182236,962085564381,"Bintang","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8",4,"Exam","Reading Sub-test - Part A - Intravenous Cannulation","This document provides a timed reading sub-test for Part A, using clinical texts about intravenous (IV) cannulation and phlebitis. Text A explains purpose, indications, contraindications, insertion technique, and recommended cannula sizes with corresponding flow rates. Text D defines phlebitis, describes symptoms, presents a grade-based severity scale, and outlines prevention measures. The questions require matching information, supplying specific word/phrase answers, and completing sentences.","# READING SUB-TEST:PART A\n\n● Look at the four texts,A-D,in the separate Text Booklet.  \n● For each question,1-20,look through the texts,A-D,to find the relevantinformation.  \n● Write your answers on the spaces provided in this Question Paper.  \n● Answer all the questions within the 15-minute time limit.  \n● Your answers should be correctly spelt.  \n# PART A-TEXT BOOKLET-INTRAVENOUS CANNULATION\n\n## Text A\n\nOverview  \nIntravenous(IV)cannulation is a technique in which a cannula placedinside a vein to provide venous access.  \n## Indications\n\nIndications for IV cannulation include the following  \n● repeated blood sampling  \n● fluid administration  \n● medications administration  \n·chemotherapy administration  \n● nutritional support  \n● blood or blood products administration  \n·administration of radiologic contrast agents for computedtomography(CT),magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),or nuclearimaging  \n## Contraindications\n\nNo absolute contraindications to IV cannulation exist but avoid injured,infected,or burned extremities if possible.Some vesicant and irritantinfusions(pH\u003C5,pH>9,or osmolarity >600 mOsm/L)can cause tissuenecrosis they leak into the tissue,including sclerosing solutions,somechemotherapeutic agents,and vasopressors.These fluids are more safelyinfused into a central vein.They should only be given through a peripheralvein in emergency situations or when central line is not readily available  \n\n| Technique   | Rationale   |\n| --- | --- |\n| After skin preparation,use a tourniquet  \u003Cbr>increase the venous pressure and pull  \u003Cbr>skin taut in opposite direction of needle  \u003Cbr>insertion.Avoid excessive pressure to  \u003Cbr>cannulation site to prevent fattening of  \u003Cbr>vessel.   | Increases surface tension so facilitates  \u003Cbr>smoother incision of skin with less  \u003Cbr>surface area contacting cutting edge of  \u003Cbr>needle.   |\n| For an easily palpated vessel,use  \u003Cbr>approximately 25°angle with the bevel  \u003Cbr>up.   | Less steep angles increase the risk of  \u003Cbr>needle cutting along surface of vessel.  \u003Cbr>Steeper angles increase risk of  \u003Cbr>perforating the back wall of the vessel.   |\n| Once vessel has been penetrated  \u003Cbr>·Advance the needle slowly with  \u003Cbr>the cutting edge facing the top of  \u003Cbr>the vessel and do not rotate the  \u003Cbr>axis   | Any manipulation may traumatise the  \u003Cbr>intima of the vessel.The use of a back-  \u003Cbr>eye needle will eliminate the need to  \u003Cbr>rotate the needle due to poor flows.   |\n| Tape the needle at the same angle or  \u003Cbr>one similar to the angle of insertion   | Pressing the needle shaft against the  \u003Cbr>skin moves the needle tip from the  \u003Cbr>desired position within the vessel.   |\n| Remove needle at angle similar to angle  \u003Cbr>of insertion and never apply pressure  \u003Cbr>before the needle is completely out.   | Avoid trauma to the intima by dragging  \u003Cbr>the cutting edge along it.   |\n\n\n| Size   | Flow rate   | Recommended use   |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 14G   | 300ml/min   | For patients in shock,eg.GI bleeds or trauma.Also  \u003Cbr>for peripheral administration of amiodarone,  \u003Cbr>dopamine.   |\n| 16G   | 200ml/min   |  |\n| 18G   | 90ml/min   | For blood transfusions or high volume infusions.   |\n| 20G   | 61 ml/min   | Multi-purpose IV;for medications,hydration and day-  \u003Cbr>to-day therapies.   |\n| 22G   | 36 ml/min   | For patients with small veins;elderly or paediatric  \u003Cbr>patients.Only for use with saline,standard antibiotics  \u003Cbr>and heparin.   |\n\n## Text D\n\nPhlebitis is associated with IV therapy,and can occur in as many as 70%ofpatients.It is defined as the acute inflammation of the internal lining of thevein.Phlebitis is characterised by pain and tenderness along the course ofthe vein,redness and swelling and warmth can be felt at the insertion site.  \n# Phlebitis Scale\n\n\n| Grade   | Clinical Criteria   |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0   | No symptoms at access site   |\n| 1   | Erythema   |\n| 2   | As 1,plus pain   |\n| 3   | As 2,plus streak formation and a palpable venous cord   |\n| 4   | As 3 with a palpable v","cbCaipIjuUKBoe9i","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipIjuUKBoe9i","pdf",2218334,1,18,"English","en",105,"# READING SUB-TEST: PART A\n## Text A - Intravenous Cannulation\n## Text D - Phlebitis\n## PART A - QUESTIONS\n### Questions 1-7\n### Questions 8-14\n### Questions 15-20","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of the reading sub-test Part A?\",\"answer\":\"To answer questions 1–20 by locating relevant information in the separate Text Booklet within a 15-minute time limit.\"},{\"question\":\"What does Text A cover about intravenous (IV) cannulation?\",\"answer\":\"It describes intravenous access, indications, contraindications (including when to avoid certain infusions peripherally), insertion technique rationale, and recommended cannula sizes with flow rates.\"},{\"question\":\"How is phlebitis assessed and prevented according to the texts?\",\"answer\":\"Phlebitis is defined with symptoms and graded from 0 to 4 using clinical criteria. Prevention includes aseptic technique, cannula site rotation, using appropriate gauge/vein size, securement, monitoring, patient education, and following dilution guidelines.\"}]","Reading Sub-test - Part A - Intravenous Cannulation | PDF",1788347750,45,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":28},"reading-sub-test-part-a-intravenous-cannulation","",{"@graph":36,"@context":84},[37,53,67],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":11},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/reading-sub-test-part-a-intravenous-cannulation/182236/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-02",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"What is the purpose of the reading sub-test Part A?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"To answer questions 1–20 by locating relevant information in the separate Text Booklet within a 15-minute time limit.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"What does Text A cover about intravenous (IV) cannulation?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"It describes intravenous access, indications, contraindications (including when to avoid certain infusions peripherally), insertion technique rationale, and recommended cannula sizes with flow rates.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"How is phlebitis assessed and prevented according to the texts?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"Phlebitis is defined with symptoms and graded from 0 to 4 using clinical criteria. Prevention includes aseptic technique, cannula site rotation, using appropriate gauge/vein size, securement, monitoring, patient education, and following dilution guidelines.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":86,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":88,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":91},[92,96,100,103,108,113,118,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},70,"exam",{"id":104,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":105,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":107},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":109,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":110,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":112},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":114,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":115,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]