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part of the 2024 edition of the Science and Engineering Indicators (Indicators) suite of reports. Indicators is prepared under the guidance of the National Science Board by the National Science  \nFoundation’s National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. The Indicators suite consists of a  \nsummary report called The State of U.S. Science and Engineering, more-detailed thematic reports with  \nsupporting data, and a data tool that provides state-level indicators.  \nTable of Contents  \n\n| Executive Summary | 7 |\n| --- | --- |\n| Introduction | 9 |\n| Academic R&D in the U.S. R&D Enterprise | 10 |\n| Academic R&D: International Comparisons | 12 |\n| Funding Sources of Academic R&D | 14 |\n| Patterns of Academic R&D Spending | 17 |\n| Spending, by Type of R&D | 17 |\n| Spending, by Type of Institution | 19 |\n| Spending at Minority-Serving Institutions | 23 |\n| Geographic Distribution of Academic R&D Spending, by State | 24 |\n| Academic R&D Spending, by Field | 25 |\n| Infrastructure for Academic R&D | 30 |\n| Research Facilities | 30 |\n| Research Equipment | 31 |\n\nHuman Resources and Academic R&D 32  \nAcademic Employment 32  \nFinancial Support for S&E Graduate Students and Postdocs 36  \nFinancial Support for S&E Graduate Students and Postdocs, by Source 40  \nConclusion 45  \nGlossary 46  \nDefinitions 46  \nKey to Acronyms and Abbreviations 46  \nReferences 48  \nNotes 50  \nCorrections 53  \nAcknowledgments and Citation 54  \n\n| Acknowledgments\u003Cbr>Citation |  | 54\u003Cbr>54 |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Contact Us |  | 55 |  |\n| Report Authors |  | 55 |  |\n| NCSES |  | 55 |  |\n| List of Tables |  |  |  |\n| URD-1 | Federal agency support of academic R&D spending: FYs 2012, 2017, and 2021 |  | 15 |\n| URD-2 | Top 30 institutions, ranked by R&D expenditures: FYs 2001, 2011, and 2021 |  | 19 |\n| List of Figures |  |  |  |\n\nURD-1 Academic R&D as a percentage of U.S. R&D, by type of R&D: 1953–2021 10  \nURD-2 Federally funded academic R&D as a share of U.S. federally funded R&D, by type of R&D: 1953–2021 11  \nURD-3 Higher education R&D expenditures as a percentage of gross domestic product for selected regions, 12  \ncountries, or economies: 2012–21  \nURD-4 Academic R&D expenditures, by source of funds: FYs 1953–2021 14  \nURD-5 Share of academic R&D expenditures, by source of funds: FYs 2012–21 15  \nURD-6 Federal and nonfederal funding of academic basic research: FYs 1979–2021 17  \nURD-7 Federal and nonfederal funding of academic experimental development and applied research: FYs 2010–21 18  \nURD-8 Sources of funding for academic R&D in private and public institutions: FYs 2012, 2017, and 2021 21  \nURD-9 Shares of federal agency funding for public and private institutions: FY 2021 22  \nURD-10 Federally funded R&D expenditures at historically Black colleges and universities: FYs 2012–21 23  \nURD-11 Ratio of academic R&D expenditures to population, by U.S. states: FY 2021 25  \nURD-12 Academic R&D spending, by field: FYs 2003–21 26  \nURD-13 Federally funded academic R&D spending, by field: FYs 2003–21 27  \nURD-14 Nonfederally funded academic R&D spending, by field: FYs 2003–21 28  \nURD-15 Federally financed academic R&D expenditures, by agency and field: FY 2021 29  \nURD-16 S&E research space at academic institutions: FYs 1999–2021 30  \nURD-17 Female S&E doctorate holders employed in academia, by degree field: 2003 and 2021 33  \nURD-18 S&E doctorate holders employed in academia, by sex and degree field: 2021 34  \nURD-19 Underrepresented minority S&E doctorate holders employed in academia, by selected degree field: 2006 and 35 2021  \nURD-20 S&E doctorate holders employed in academia, by race or ethnicity and degree field: 2021 36  \nURD-21 Primary source of financial support of doctorate recipients, by 2018 Carnegie Classification of institutions: 38 2021  \nURD-22 Primary source of financial support for U.S. citizen and permanent resident S&E doctorate recip","cbCaietzwEjpOL3R","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaietzwEjpOL3R","pdf",766344,55,"English","# Executive Summary\n## Key takeaways\n# Introduction\n## Academic R&D in the U.S. R&D Enterprise\n## Academic R&D: International Comparisons\n## Funding Sources of Academic R&D\n# Patterns of Academic R&D Spending\n## Spending, by Type of R&D\n## Spending, by Type of Institution\n## Spending at Minority-Serving Institutions\n## Geographic Distribution of Academic R&D Spending, by State\n## Academic R&D Spending, by Field\n# Infrastructure for Academic R&D\n## Research Facilities\n## Research Equipment\n# Human Resources and Academic R&D\n## Academic Employment\n## Financial Support for S&E Graduate Students and Postdocs\n## Conclusion\n## Glossary and Definitions","[{\"question\":\"What time period and reporting framework does the academic R\\u0026D overview use?\",\"answer\":\"The material references fiscal years and calendar year statistics across multiple periods (e.g., FYs and 2003–2021, and calendar year 2021) as part of the 2024 Indicators suite context.\"},{\"question\":\"How is academic R\\u0026D spending characterized in the report?\",\"answer\":\"Spending is broken down by type of R\\u0026D and by type of institution, and it also examines patterns at minority-serving institutions, geographic distribution by state, and differences across academic fields.\"},{\"question\":\"What areas of academic research capacity and workforce are included beyond funding?\",\"answer\":\"The report includes academic employment and financial support for S\\u0026E graduate students and postdocs, and it covers research infrastructure such as research facilities and research equipment.\"}]","R&D - Academic Research and Development - NSB-2023-26 - Overview | PDF",1792056178,139]