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2164-5701 (Online) Journal [homepage: ](homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/kgmc20)[www.tandfonline.com/journals/kgmc20](homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/kgmc20)  \nRate of herbicide resistant weed development: A Canadian Prairie case study  \nChelsea Sutherland, Savannah Gleim, Simona Lubieniechi & Stuart J. Smyth  \nTo cite this article: Chelsea Sutherland, Savannah Gleim, Simona Lubieniechi & Stuart J. Smyth (2025) Rate of herbicide resistant weed development: A Canadian Prairie case study, GM Crops & Food, 16:1, 252-262, DOI: 10. 1080/21645698 .2025.2477231  \nTo link to this article: [https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2025.2477231](https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2025.2477231)  \n© 2025 The Author(s) . Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.  \n\n|  Published online: 09 Mar 2025. |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| | Submit your article to this journal  |\n| | Article views: 977 |\n| | View related articles  |\n|  View Crossmark data |  |\n|  Citing articles: 1 View citing articles  |  |\n\nFull Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at [https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=kgmc20](https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=kgmc20)  \nRate of herbicide resistant weed development: A Canadian Prairie case study  \nChelsea Sutherland, Savannah Gleim, Simona Lubieniechi, and Stuart J. Smyth   \nDepartment of Agricultural Economics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada  \nABSTRACT  \nGenetically modified crop adoption in Canada has been the key driver in removing tillage as the lead form of weed control, due to increased weed control efficiency. Land use has transitioned from the use of summerfallow to continuous cropping, predominantly involving zero or minimum tillage practices. Prairie crop rotations have diversified away from mainly cereals to include threeyear rotations of cereals, pulses, and oilseeds. Total herbicide volume applied has increased as crop production acres increased, but the rate of herbicide active ingredient applied per hectare has declined. Diverse crop rotations allow for weed control using herbicides with different modes of action, reducing selection pressure for resistant weed development. Herbicide-resistant weeds are an important concern for farmers, as the loss of key herbicides would make weed control exceedingly more difficult. The objective of this case study is to examine herbicide resistance weed development in the Canadian Prairies and to identify changes in resistance development following GM crop adoption.  \nARTICLE HISTORY  \nReceived 18 November 2024 Revised 11 February 2025 Accepted 4 March 2025  \nKEYWORDS  \nGM crops; herbicides; sustainability; tillage; weed control  \nIntroduction  \nHerbicide resistance (HR) in weeds in Canada dates back to the 1950s and has been an issue of leading importance for farmers, as increased weed management efficiency is an integral part of Canadian agriculture’s sustainability improvement. Herbicide-resistant weeds are a global problem, not one that is specific to the Canadian Prairies. The development of HR in weed populations increased as the use of herbicides became more common in crop production through the latter half ofthe twentieth century. In part, this development was driven by the dryland, monoculture crop production on the Canadian Prairies that was commonly one crop followed by summerfallow, such as wheat-summerfallow. 1 In this form of land management, the consistent use of identical herbicides would be common.  \nThe commercialization of genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant (HT) crops revolutionized farmers’ approaches to weed management in the 1990s. With the adoption of GMHT crops, especially canola, in-crop weed control became so effective that Prairie farmers continually transitioned summerfallow and the accompanying tillage out  \nof their land management practices. Transitioning s","cbCaieiMDX3t5l0I","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieiMDX3t5l0I","pdf",1663558,12,"English","# Abstract\n# Article history\n# Keywords\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What case study does the article examine?\",\"answer\":\"The case study examines herbicide-resistance weed development in the Canadian Prairies and tracks changes following GM crop adoption.\"},{\"question\":\"How did GM crop adoption change weed control practices in Canada?\",\"answer\":\"GM herbicide-tolerant crops made in-crop weed control more effective, contributing to the decline of summerfallow and associated tillage practices.\"},{\"question\":\"What relationship does the article describe between herbicide use and herbicide resistance?\",\"answer\":\"Herbicide resistance develops after repeated use of the same herbicide active ingredient or mode of action, because weeds experience repeated selection pressure.\"}]","Rate of herbicide resistant weed development: A Canadian Prairie case study | PDF"]