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Precision medicine is progressing across systemic treatments, yet its full integration into radiation therapy remains under development. Current RT plans often use the Linear Quadratic model with standardized α/β ratios, which overlook major between- and within-patient variability. This review outlines biomarkers, advanced imaging, and emerging RT technologies, including hadron therapy, Flash RT, and combinations with immunotherapy, to advance precision oncology.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/radiation-therapy-personalization-in-cancer-treatment-strategies-and-perspectives/376227/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/radiation-therapy-personalization-in-cancer-treatment-strategies-and-perspectives/376227.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Grenda","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What does radiation therapy personalization aim to achieve?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"It aims to customize RT by leveraging tumor biology and clinical features to enhance treatment effectiveness and minimize collateral adverse effects.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Why do conventional RT treatment plans fall short for personalization?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"They often rely on the Linear Quadratic model with fixed, standardized α/β ratios, which ignore substantial variability in treatment response across and within patients.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which emerging approaches are discussed for improving personalized RT?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The review discusses tumor- and patient-specific biomarkers and advanced imaging, and it highlights innovative modalities such as hadron therapy and Flash RT, as well as synergistic combinations with immunotherapy.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},376227,1790412733,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},7971474921005,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Review  \nRadiation Therapy Personalization in Cancer Treatment: Strategies and Perspectives  \nMarco Calvaruso *, Gaia Pucci, Cristiana Alberghina and Luigi Minafra   \nAcademic Editors: Giorgio Treglia and Yu-Chan Chang  \nReceived: 26 May 2025  \nRevised: 25 June 2025  \nAccepted: 1 July 2025  \nPublished: 2 July 2025  \nCitation: Calvaruso, M.; Pucci, G.; Alberghina, C.; Minafra, L. Radiation Therapy Personalization in Cancer Treatment: Strategies and Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 6375. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)  \nijms26136375  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/)[ ](https://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by/4.0/](licenses/by/4.0/)) .  \nInstitute of Bioimaging and Complex Biological Systems—National Research Council (IBSBC—CNR),  \n90015 Cefalù, PA, Italy; [gaiapucci@cnr.it](gaiapucci@cnr.it) (G.P.); [cristianaalberghina@cnr.it](cristianaalberghina@cnr.it) (C.A.); [luigi.minafra@cnr.it](luigi.minafra@cnr.it) (L.M.)  \n* [Correspondence: marco.calvaruso@cnr.it](Correspondence: marco.calvaruso@cnr.it)  \nAbstract  \nModern oncology increasingly relies on personalized strategies that aim to customize medical interventions, using both tumor biology and clinical features to enhance efficacy and minimize adverse effects. In recent years, precision medicine has been implemented as part of systemic therapies; however, its integration into radiation therapy (RT) is still a work in progress. Conventional RT treatment plans are based on the Linear Quadratic (LQ) model and utilize standardized alpha and beta ratios (α/β), which ignore the high variability in terms of treatment response between and within patients. Recent advances in radiobiology, as well as general medical technologies, have also driven a shift toward more tailored approaches, including in RT. This review provides an overview of current knowledge and future perspectives for the personalization of RT, highlighting the role of tumor and patientspecific biomarkers, advanced imaging techniques, and novel therapeutic approaches. Asan alternative to conventional RT modalities, hadron therapy and Flash RT are discussed as innovative approaches with the potential to improve tumor targeting while sparing normal tissues. Furthermore, the synergistic combination of RT with immunotherapy is discussed as a potential strategy to support antitumor immune responses and overcome resistance. By integrating biological insights, technological innovation, and clinical expertise, personalized radiation therapy may significantly advance the precision oncology paradigm.  \nKeywords: radiobiology; radiotherapy; personalized medicine  \n1. Introduction  \nIn recent years, personalized medicine has become a pivotal strategy to enhance therapeutic results and patient care in oncology.“Tailored therapies” aim at improving the efficacy of medical approaches based on both biological features and patients’ unique features, thereby minimizing collateral effects and ensuring more precise care. On this ground, the concept of personalized medicine has also been extended to RT to achieve the same goals as those already reached with chemotherapy [1] .  \nHistorically, conventional RT has been based on standardized protocols obtained by the application of the LQ model. The LQ model is one of the most used models for estimating the effects of different radiation doses on cell survival after RT and to calculate the tumor control probability (TCP), which represents the probability of completely eradicating all neoplastic cells in a tumor. The α and β parameters and the resulting α/β ratio are the basis of the LQ model, representing, respectively, the unrepairable and repairable radiationinduced DNA damage. To date, RT treatment plans have relied on fixed values ","cbCaib6BOE3n768T","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaib6BOE3n768T","pdf",831375,21,"English","# Introduction\n## Linear Quadratic model and limitations\n## Role of advanced imaging and biomarkers\n## Hadron therapy and Flash RT\n## Integrating radiation therapy with immunotherapy\n# Conclusion and future perspectives","[{\"question\":\"What does radiation therapy personalization aim to achieve?\",\"answer\":\"It aims to customize RT by leveraging tumor biology and clinical features to enhance treatment effectiveness and minimize collateral adverse effects.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do conventional RT treatment plans fall short for personalization?\",\"answer\":\"They often rely on the Linear Quadratic model with fixed, standardized α/β ratios, which ignore substantial variability in treatment response across and within patients.\"},{\"question\":\"Which emerging approaches are discussed for improving personalized RT?\",\"answer\":\"The review discusses tumor- and patient-specific biomarkers and advanced imaging, and it highlights innovative modalities such as hadron therapy and Flash RT, as well as synergistic combinations with immunotherapy.\"}]","Radiation Therapy Personalization in Cancer Treatment - Strategies and Perspectives | PDF",1790217772,53]