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Using national school-level finance data, the study shows Black and Hispanic students attend schools with higher per-pupil spending but also substantially higher shares of low-income students and English learners than White students in the same metropolitan areas. Cost-adjusted spending in average Black and Hispanic students’ schools ranges up to 17.2% less than in average White students’ schools, with larger gaps in the largest metros and the Northeast.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/racial-disparities-in-school-poverty-and-spending-examining-allocations-within-metropolitan-areas/590245/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/racial-disparities-in-school-poverty-and-spending-examining-allocations-within-metropolitan-areas/590245.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Adam","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-28","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does school segregation affect educational opportunity across racial groups?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"When students enroll in racially separate schools, differences can emerge in access to school resources and in exposure to high levels of student need, shaping educational experiences across groups.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What does the study find about per-pupil spending for Black, Hispanic, and White students within the same metropolitan areas?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Black and Hispanic students typically attend schools with higher per-pupil spending than White students, but those schools also contain higher proportions of low-income students and English learners.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do adjusted spending estimates change the picture of racial disparities?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"After accounting for the additional cost of serving students with higher needs, cost-adjusted spending in the average Black and Hispanic students’ schools ranges from zero to 17.2% less than in average White students’ schools, with larger gaps in the largest metropolitan areas and the Northeast.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},590245,1792144354,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":46,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":31,"preview_page_count":4},1374404737137,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","AERA Open  \nJanuary-December 2024, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1–20 DOI: 10. 1177/23328584241293423  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)© The Author(s) 2024. [https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero](https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero)  \nRacial Disparities in School Poverty and Spending: Examining Allocations Within Metropolitan Areas  \nRobert Bifulco  \nSarah Souders  \nSyracuse University  \nRacially segregated schools influence the distribution of educational opportunity. When students of different races enroll in separate schools, systematic differences in access to school resources and exposure to high levels of student need can emerge. Using recently available national school-level finance data, we find that typical Black and Hispanic students attend schools with higher per-pupil spending but also higher proportions of low-income students and English learners than typical White students living in the same metropolitan area. Drawing on estimates of the additional spending required to provide high-need students with equal educational opportunities, we find that cost-adjusted spending in the average Black and Hispanic students’ schools ranges from zero to 17.2% less than that in the average White students’ schools. Racial disparities in costadjusted spending are larger in the largest metropolitan areas and in the Northeast, indicating that many Black and Hispanic students are disadvantaged by these inequities.  \nKeywords: race, equity, disparities, finance, descriptive analysis  \nRacial segregation across schools in the United States remains stubbornly high. A recent analysis reports that across the 100 largest metropolitan areas during the 2018– 2019 school year, the percentage of students who are White in the average White student’s school was 43 points higher than in the average Black student’s school and 30 points higher than in the average Hispanic student’s school (Potter, 2022) . Owens (2020) reports that while Hispanic–White segregation decreased somewhat between 1990 and 2020, Black–White segregation increased over the same period.  \nThe fact that Black and White and Hispanic and White students tend to enroll in separate schools creates the possibility that educational experiences and opportunities differ significantly across racial groups. At least two factors influence the educational experience students receive in school. One is the level of school spending. Studies have demonstrated that higher levels of school spending help to improve student outcomes and close academic achievement gaps (Hyman, 2017; Jackson & Mackevicius, 2024; Jackson et al., 2016; Lafortune et al., 2018) . A second factor is the educational needs of students attending the school, which for multiple reasons influence the amount of spending required to provide opportunities to achieve educational outcomes. For instance, students from low-income backgrounds, on average, will require more compensatory education and student support services to progress successfully through school. In addition, high-poverty schools have difficulty attracting and retaining high-quality teachers.  \nThe Every Student Succeeds Act required school districts to provide school-level spending data, which allow more precise examination of school funding disparities than district-level data traditionally used to develop measures of school finance equity. Recent studies have used these data to assess differences in school funding by race and find that across districts within states and across schools within districts, per-pupil spending in 2018 tended to favor Black and Hispanic students compared with White students (Blagget al., 2022; Lee et al., 2022) .1 Like these other studies, we use these nationwide school-level spending data. However, we add to previous studies by considering racial differences in school funding in conjunction with racial differences in exposure to student needs. B","cbCaidCFjYhwVqPe","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidCFjYhwVqPe","pdf",1065867,"English","# Racial Disparities in School Poverty and Spending\n## Segregation and differences in educational opportunity\n## School spending and student needs\n## School-level funding data under the Every Student Succeeds Act\n## Estimating within-metropolitan differences in spending\n## Adjusting spending for low-income and English learners","[{\"question\":\"How does school segregation affect educational opportunity across racial groups?\",\"answer\":\"When students enroll in racially separate schools, differences can emerge in access to school resources and in exposure to high levels of student need, shaping educational experiences across groups.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the study find about per-pupil spending for Black, Hispanic, and White students within the same metropolitan areas?\",\"answer\":\"Black and Hispanic students typically attend schools with higher per-pupil spending than White students, but those schools also contain higher proportions of low-income students and English learners.\"},{\"question\":\"How do adjusted spending estimates change the picture of racial disparities?\",\"answer\":\"After accounting for the additional cost of serving students with higher needs, cost-adjusted spending in the average Black and Hispanic students’ schools ranges from zero to 17.2% less than in average White students’ schools, with larger gaps in the largest metropolitan areas and the Northeast.\"}]","Racial Disparities in School Poverty and Spending - Examining Allocations Within Metropolitan Areas | PDF",1792069157]