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Using a sample of 1,427 original empirical nonreview studies from 2009–2019, findings show two thirds used at least one racial category term, rising from about half to nearly three quarters over time. Trends include increasing use of “Black,” emergence of gender-expansive terms like Latinx, frequent “Hispanic” in quantitative studies, and limited work explicitly addressing missing-race or Indigenous/multiracial descriptions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/racial-category-usage-in-education-research-examining-the-publications-from-aera-journals/590268/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/racial-category-usage-in-education-research-examining-the-publications-from-aera-journals/590268.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Adam","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the focus of this article?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It examines how scholars in education research name and describe racial groups, and how often racial category terms appear in high-profile AERA journal publications.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How large is the study sample and what time period does it cover?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The sample includes 1,427 original empirical studies published in nonreview AERA journals from 2009 to 2019.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What main trend did the article observe between 2009 and 2019?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The share of articles using at least one racial category term increased from about half to almost three quarters, with growing use of terms such as “Black” and “Latinx.”","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},590268,1792189094,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":56,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1374404737137,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","AERA Open  \nJanuary-December 2024, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1–19 DOI: 10. 1177/23328584241293681  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)© The Author(s) 2024. [https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero](https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero)  \nRacial Category Usage in Education Research: Examining the Publications from AERA Journals  \nDominique J. Baker  \nUniversity of Delaware  \nKarly S. Ford  \nPennsylvania State University  \nSamantha Viano  \nGeorge Mason University  \nMarc P. Johnston-Guerrero  \nUniversity of Denver  \nHow scholars name different racial groups has powerful salience for understanding what researchers study. We explored how education researchers used racial terminology in recently published high-profile peer-reviewed studies. Our sample included  \n1,427 original empirical studies published in the nonreview AERA journals from 2009 to 2019. We found that two thirds of articles used at least one racial category term, with an increase from about half to almost three quarters of published studies between 2009 and 2019. Other trends include the increasing popularity of the term Black, the emergence of gender-expansive terms such as Latinx, the popularity of the term Hispanic in quantitative studies, and the paucity of studies with terms connoting missing race data or including terms describing Indigenous and multiracial peoples.  \nKeywords: ethnicity, race, sociology of knowledge, descriptive analysis  \nDiscussions referencing specific racial groups are ubiquitous in education research.1 These descriptions are often superficial, such as when a quantitative study includes race indicators as covariates, or tangential, as is the case where race is mentioned but not critically explored (Garcia & Mayorga, 2018; James, 2001; Ladson-Billings, 2012; Tabron & Thomas, 2023). However, the ways in which we name and describe different racial groups have powerful salience for understanding what researchers believe and what they study (Gillborn et al., 2018; Ladson-Billings, 2012; Ma et al., 2007; Turner et al., 2024) .  \nRacialization, the application of racial meaning to a“relationship, social practice, or group” in the United States is a complex process that, while socially constructed, can result in tangible consequences (Omi & Winant, 2014, p. 111) . Race is a sociopolitical and historical categorization structure that can differ across cultures and over time (e.g., Omi & Winant, 2014; Roth et al., 2023; Viano & Baker, 2020). As noted in Howell and Emerson (2017),“no one can  \nidentify ‘true’ racial classifications, because they do not exist” (p. 15) . These shifts in racial classification systems should not be considered natural or value neutral. The variations in sets of racial categories have often sprung from the need to maintain White supremacy, leading, within the United States, to enslavement, the stealing of land and resources from Indigenous peoples, Jim Crow segregation, explicit barring of Asian people from immigration and citizenship, and eugenics, among other policy decisions (Omi & Winant, 2014; Saperstein & Penner, 2012) . Incorporating racial group status into research without deeper engagement with the reasoning behind the categories thus can reinforce harms and may lead to research that is used to oppress groups of people. For instance, as described by O’Connor, Lewis, and Mueller (2007), a variable indicating Black racial identification is often included with a long list of covariates in statistical models with little theorization or engagement with prior literature to explain why the researchers think it useful to include the information. In doing so, identifying or being  \nCreative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons  \nAttribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)) which","cbCaicpoo7FIUgvA","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicpoo7FIUgvA","pdf",860958,"English","# Racial Category Usage in Education Research\n## Dataset and trends in racial terminology\n## Contexts where racial groups are referenced\n## Racialization, classification systems, and research implications","[{\"question\":\"What is the focus of this article?\",\"answer\":\"It examines how scholars in education research name and describe racial groups, and how often racial category terms appear in high-profile AERA journal publications.\"},{\"question\":\"How large is the study sample and what time period does it cover?\",\"answer\":\"The sample includes 1,427 original empirical studies published in nonreview AERA journals from 2009 to 2019.\"},{\"question\":\"What main trend did the article observe between 2009 and 2019?\",\"answer\":\"The share of articles using at least one racial category term increased from about half to almost three quarters, with growing use of terms such as “Black” and “Latinx.”\"}]","Racial Category Usage in Education Research: Examining the Publications from AERA Journals | PDF",1792069207,48]