[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-160520-en":3,"doc-seo-160520-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":84},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},160520,1099523885074,"Riley West","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc",8,"Research & Report","Race-Conscious Programs in Education - AR 2024","Race-Conscious Programs in Education examines how U.S. legal decisions and administrative approaches shape affirmative action policies across K-12, public higher education, and the workplace. Drawing on Supreme Court rulings that restrict consideration of race in admissions, the text analyzes five dimensions of race-conscious programs: public school integration shifts, voluntary affirmative action in higher education, voluntary de-segregation in secondary schooling, and workplace implications, while also addressing state efforts to eliminate such measures. Courts’ public-versus-private distinctions guide the evaluation of legality and compliance.","RACE-CONSCIOUS PROGRAMS IN EDUCATION  \nEDITED BY ARIE WRIGHT, KATHERINE REDETZKE, JULIA STURGES, MELL CHHOY, AND SELA CARRINGTON  \nI. INTRODUCTION.......................................... 830  \nII. DEVELOPMENTS IN PUBLIC SCHOOL INTEGRATION: THE ROAD FROM MANDATORY TO VOLUNTARY ............................... 832  \nA. THE PROMISE OF BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION ............. 832  \nB. BROWN’S PROGENY: EFFORTS TO MANDATE INTEGRATION........ 833  \nIII. VOLUNTARY AFFIRMATIVE ACTION POLICIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION .... 835  \nA. EQUAL PROTECTION AND EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY .......... 837  \n1. Bakke: A First Test for Race-Conscious Policies ........ 837  \na. Setting a Standard of Review................... 837  \nb. Upholding and Defining Diversity as a Compelling Interest ................................... 839  \nB. GRAPPLING WITH BAKKE ............................... 840  \n1. The Fifth and Seventh Circuits Challenge the  \nConstitutionality of Diversity as a Compelling Interest ... 840  \n2. The Ninth Circuit Upholds Diversity as a Compelling Interest ............................................. 841  \nC. THE SUPREME COURT STEPS IN: GRATZ, GRUTTER, FISHER, AND STUDENTS FOR FAIR ADMISSIONS ......................... 841  \n1. Gratz v. Bollinger: Race in a Point System Fails the Narrow Tailoring Requirement........................ 842  \n2. Grutter v. Bollinger: Satisfying the Strict Scrutiny Standard ........................................... 843  \na. Quotas and the Critical Mass .................. 843  \nb. Individualized Consideration .................. 844  \nc. Durational Limitations on Race-Conscious Admissions Policies ......................... 845  \n3. Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin: Refining the Strict Scrutiny Standard ................................... 845  \n4. Fisher II: Upholding the Race-Conscious Admissions Program under the Equal Protection Clause ............. 847  \n5. Students For Fair Admissions: Dismantling RaceConscious Programs As Violating the Equal Protection Clause ............................................. 847  \na. Lack of Judicially Reviewable & Measurable Objectives ................................. 848  \nb. Negative Employment of Race & Stereotyping ..... 849  \nc. Lack of Meaningful Termination Point ........... 850  \n830 THE GEORGETOWN JOURNAL OF GENDER AND THE LAW [Vol. 25:829  \nd. Conclusion & “Loophole” For Colleges and  \nUniversities ................................ 851  \n6. The Future of Affirmative Action Litigation ............ 854  \nD. STATE EFFORTS TO ELIMINATE AFFIRMATIVE ACTION .......... 855  \nE. THE LEGALITY OF RACE-CONSCIOUS SUPPLEMENTAL PROGRAMS IN HIGHER EDUCATION .................................. 857  \nIV. VOLUNTARY DESEGREGATION AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION POLICIES IN PUBLIC SECONDARY EDUCATION ............................. 858  \nA. A FIRST ATTEMPT AT VOLUNTARY SCHOOL DESEGREGATION ..... 860  \nB. PRE-GRUTTER APPLICATION OF RACE-CONSCIOUS STUDENT ASSIGNMENT PLANS IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS .......... 861  \nC. POST-GRUTTER PLANS USING RACE AS A FACTOR IN STUDENT ASSIGNMENT PLANS IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS .......... 863  \n1. The First Circuit .................................... 863  \n2. The Ninth and Sixth Circuits.......................... 864  \nD. PRIVATE SCHOOLS’ VOLUNTARY AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN RESPONSE TO EXTERNAL IMBALANCE ............................. 866  \nV. AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN PUBLIC HIGHER EDUCATION VS. WORKPLACE AFFIRMATIVE ACTION PLANS OR DIVERSITY INITIATIVES............. 867  \nA. PUBLIC SECTOR: STRICT SCRUTINY ....................... 868  \nB. PRIVATE SECTOR: TITLE VII ............................ 868  \nVI. CONCLUSION .......................................... 869  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nAccording to a job posting released by the Department of Justice, the Civil Rights Division plans to review and possibly sue universities based on their affirmative action admissions policies.1 While former Attorney General Jeff Sessions adopted a hardline approach for eliminating affirmative a","cbCaik3WrjXSfs5Z","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaik3WrjXSfs5Z","pdf",401791,3,1,41,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# Developments in Public School Integration: The Road From Mandatory to Voluntary\n## The Promise of Brown v. Board of Education\n## Brown’s Progeny: Efforts to Mandate Integration\n# Voluntary Affirmative Action Policies in Higher Education\n## Equal Protection and Educational Opportunity\n## The Supreme Court Steps In: Gratz, Grutter, Fisher, and Students for Fair Admissions\n# Voluntary DeSegregation and Affirmative Action Policies in Public Secondary Education\n## A First Attempt at Voluntary School DeSegregation\n## Post-Gru tter Plans Using Race as a Factor in Student Assignment Plans","[{\"question\":\"What five dimensions of race-conscious programs are analyzed in the work?\",\"answer\":\"The article explores historical Supreme Court foundations, voluntary race-conscious admissions in public higher education (including scholarships and supplemental programs), voluntary affirmative action in secondary education, and implications for workplace affirmative action, plus state regulatory efforts affecting these policies.\"}]","Race-Conscious Programs in Education - AR 2024 | PDF",1788066612,103,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":79,"head_meta":81,"extra_data":83,"updated_unix":29},"race-conscious-programs-in-education-ar-2024","",{"@graph":37,"@context":78},[38,54,69],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,49,51],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":50,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/race-conscious-programs-in-education-ar-2024/160520/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":42,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-04","2026-08-30",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"What five dimensions of race-conscious programs are analyzed in the work?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"The article explores historical Supreme Court foundations, voluntary race-conscious admissions in public higher education (including scholarships and supplemental programs), voluntary affirmative action in secondary education, and implications for workplace affirmative action, plus state regulatory efforts affecting these policies.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":80,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":82,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":85},[86,90,94,98,103,108,113,116,121,124,128],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":87,"show_sort_weight":88,"slug":89},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":48,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":91,"show_sort_weight":92,"slug":93},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":99,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":100,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":104,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":105,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":107},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":109,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":110,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":112},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},30,"research-report",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":122,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":123},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":127},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":129,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":131},19,"General","general"]