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Using a novel approach, it measures selectivity gaps that account for both whether students enroll (2-year vs. 4-year and degree-granting status) and how selective institutions are. Results show that Hispanic–White and Black–White enrollment selectivity gaps largely closed from 1986 to 2014, closely tied to changes in high school graduation gaps. Closing primarily reflected shifts at the margin between no college and non-degree-granting programs, with different patterns for Black and Hispanic students within degree-granting schools. The article discusses implications for long-term economic inequality and addresses four research questions about gap size, levels, and how trends relate to educational and socioeconomic gaps.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/race-and-stratification-in-college-enrollment-over-time-article-summary/589807/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/race-and-stratification-in-college-enrollment-over-time-article-summary/589807.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Cipher","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How are college enrollment selectivity gaps measured in the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study measures selectivity gaps by race-ethnicity using a method that accounts for both the level (2-year vs. 4-year) and the selectivity of the college where students enroll.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What happened to Hispanic–White and Black–White enrollment selectivity gaps from 1986 to 2014?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Overall, the Hispanic–White and Black–White enrollment selectivity gaps closed in the United States between 1986 and 2014.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What mainly drove the contraction of these gaps?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The contraction was driven almost entirely by students at the margin between no college and college enrolling in non-degree-granting programs, while degree-granting enrollment patterns differed by group.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},589807,1792160889,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},687208528416,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","AERA Open  \nJanuary-March 2018, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1–28 DOI: 10. 1177/2332858417751896  \n© The Author(s) 2018. [http://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero](http://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero)  \nRace and Stratification in College Enrollment Over Time  \nRachel Baker  \nUniversity of California-Irvine  \nDaniel Klasik  \nGeorge Washington University  \nSean F. Reardon  \nStanford University  \nWe measure college enrollment selectivity gaps by race-ethnicity using a novel method that is sensitive to both the level (2-vs. 4-year) and selectivity of the college in which students enroll. We find that overall Hispanic–White and Black–White enrollment selectivity gaps closed in the United States between 1986 and 2014. This overall closing of gaps appears to be related to the closing of high school graduation gaps. However, this contraction was driven almost entirely by students at the margin between no college and college enrolling in non-degree-granting programs. Among students who enrolled in degree-granting schools, Black students have enrolled at increasingly less selective institutions than White students, whereas Hispanic–White gaps remained relatively unchanged over the nearly 30 years of our study. These gaps are concerning because of their implications for long-term economic inequality.  \nKeywords: college enrollment gaps, college selectivity, race gaps  \nAmericAns have long recognized that education is one of the great drivers of social mobility; a bachelor’s degree provides one of the best chances for an economically secure life (Torche, 2011). And the more selective the college a student attends, the higher the potential economic returns, particularly for students from disadvantaged backgrounds (Dale & Krueger, 2011; Hoekstra, 2009) . Yet we do not have a clear view of access at these different levels of the higher education system. Although it has been easy to track race-based gaps in overall college enrollment or at particular types of colleges (e.g., 2-vs. 4-year colleges), we lack a summary measure of racial disparities in college enrollment that takes into account differences in both whether and where students enroll.  \nIn other words, the level and selectivity of a student’s postsecondary destination are important predictors of laterlife outcomes, but this nuance has not been fully accounted for in discussions of college enrollment trends. Rather than tracking indicators of inequality by focusing on questions like “Did a greater percentage of White students than Black students enroll in college?” or even “Did a greater percentage of White students than Black students enroll in a selective college?” scholars and policymakers need to attend to the full spectrum of postsecondary education destinations.  \nWe regularly observe, for example, that access to selective colleges does not appear equal between groups—minority and low-income students attend selective colleges  \nat disproportionately low rates (Alon & Tienda, 2007; Astin & Oseguera, 2004; Bowen & Bok, 1998; Engberg, 2012; Posselt, Jaquette, Bielby, & Bastedo, 2012; Reardon, Baker, & Klasik, 2012) . However, these findings do not help us understand the overall distribution of minority and low-income students in American higher education. If, concurrent to downward trends at the most selective colleges, minority enrollment is increasing at colleges that are moderately selective, then it may be that overall gaps in college destinations are closing, indicating that progress is being made in college access for underrepresented groups, if not at the most selective levels. Measuring these enrollment selectivity gaps is difficult because the American higher education system has a complex hierarchical structure, and access may increase at colleges of some levels and decrease at others. As a result, it has been difficult to say succinctly whether disparities in access have been increasing or decreasing over time.  \nWe work to make such an assessment in this article. Specifically, we a","cbCaiiaQ6TRv00gn","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiaQ6TRv00gn","pdf",2222468,28,"English","# Race and Stratification in College Enrollment Over Time\n## Core research questions\n## Key findings on selectivity gaps over time\n## Interpretation and implications for inequality","[{\"question\":\"How are college enrollment selectivity gaps measured in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study measures selectivity gaps by race-ethnicity using a method that accounts for both the level (2-year vs. 4-year) and the selectivity of the college where students enroll.\"},{\"question\":\"What happened to Hispanic–White and Black–White enrollment selectivity gaps from 1986 to 2014?\",\"answer\":\"Overall, the Hispanic–White and Black–White enrollment selectivity gaps closed in the United States between 1986 and 2014.\"},{\"question\":\"What mainly drove the contraction of these gaps?\",\"answer\":\"The contraction was driven almost entirely by students at the margin between no college and college enrolling in non-degree-granting programs, while degree-granting enrollment patterns differed by group.\"}]","Race and Stratification in College Enrollment Over Time - Article Summary | PDF",1792068163,71]