[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-116032-en":3,"doc-seo-116032-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":93},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},116032,962085571259,"Theodora","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0",8,"Research & Report","Quantum Information Science - Preface and Basic Concepts","Quantum Information Science introduces foundational ideas behind quantum computing, quantum information, and quantum engineering. It traces the historical emergence of quantum mechanics and explains how quantum devices extend beyond classical computation. The text defines classical bits and transistors, then contrasts them with qubits and superposition, including quantum gates and entanglement. It clarifies why exponential state spaces do not automatically yield exponential speedups, emphasizing interference and measurement. The discussion also situates quantum computation in its timeline and complexity-theoretic context, such as BQP and P.","QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE  \nQuantum Information Science  \nRiccardo Manenti Mario Motta  \nGreat Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,  \nUnited Kingdom  \nOxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries  \n© Riccardo Manenti and Mario Motta 2023  \nThe moral rights of the authors have been asserted  \nAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the  \naddress above  \nYou must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer  \nPublished in the United States of America by Oxford University Press  \n198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data  \nData available  \nLibrary of Congress Control Number: 2023938489 ISBN 978–0–19–878748–8  \nDOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198787488.001.0001 Printed and bound by  \nCPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY  \nLinks to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work.  \nPreface  \nAbout one hundred years ago, several scientists, including Planck, Bohr, De Broglie, Schr􀁿odinger, Pauli, Dirac, and Heisenberg, made signi􀀌cant contributions to the discovery of a new physical theory called quantum mechanics. Initially developed to address speci􀀌c problems, such as the black body radiation and atomic absorption spectra, quantum mechanics gradually extended to other physical phenomena, correctly predicting the collective behavior of interacting particles. The success of quantum mechanics allowed us to construct electronic devices of immense practical relevance, including the transistor, underpinning semiconductor-based computers, and the laser, an essential component in optical communication.  \nAlthough modern computers contain some quantum components, their computational processes are still governed by classical laws and formalized by a mathematical model known as the Turing machine [1] . For this reason, we call them \\classical computers\". For the past forty years, universities and research centers have been investigating new types of computational models based on the principles of quantum mechanics to determine whether it is possible to build a machine more powerful than Turing machines.  \nThe objective of this textbook is to introduce readers to the basic concepts of quantum computing, quantum information, and quantum engineering. Since this research 􀀌eld evolves rapidly and has many specialized rami􀀌cations, we decided to present the essential notions necessary to build solid fundamentals in the 􀀌eld.  \nBasic concepts  \nA classical computer contains billions of transistors. These are electronic devices that can be in two di􀀋erent states usually denoted 0 and 1 . Whenever we write a text on a classical computer, it is encoded into a string of 0's and 1's, i.e. a binary string. Mathematical operations are carried out by transforming binary strings into other strings by applying a set of logical operations, such as the OR and AND gates.  \nBuilding a quantum computer does not simply mean miniaturizing transistors but rather replacing them with a new fundamental component called a qubit. A qubit is a quantum system with two states, usually denoted j0i and j1i. Unlike a classical system, a qubit can be in a line","cbCair9NDnlPwlLW","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCair9NDnlPwlLW","pdf",16074824,6,1,769,"English","en",105,"# Preface\n## Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\n## From Classical Bits to Qubits\n## Superposition, Quantum Gates, and Entanglement\n## Measurement, Interference, and Quantum Algorithms\n## Complexity Classes and Open Relations\n## A Timeline of Quantum Computation","[{\"question\":\"What is the core goal of the textbook described in the preface?\",\"answer\":\"It is to introduce readers to the basic concepts of quantum computing, quantum information, and quantum engineering, with essential notions to build solid fundamentals.\"},{\"question\":\"How does a qubit differ from a classical bit?\",\"answer\":\"A classical bit is in one of two states (0 or 1), while a qubit can be in a linear superposition of two states. Qubits also enable quantum-mechanical operations beyond classical logic.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does manipulating exponentially many quantum states not guarantee exponential speedup for every problem?\",\"answer\":\"Because measurement collapses the quantum state to one of the 2^N basis states. A quantum algorithm must coordinate interference so the correct solution is obtained with high probability.\"}]","Quantum Information Science - Preface and Basic Concepts | PDF",1785480985,1938,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":88,"head_meta":90,"extra_data":92,"updated_unix":29},"quantum-information-science-preface-and-basic-concepts","",{"@graph":37,"@context":87},[38,55,70],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,49,52],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":50,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":51},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":53,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":54},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/quantum-information-science-preface-and-basic-concepts/116032/",4,{"url":53,"name":13,"@type":56,"author":57,"headline":13,"publisher":59,"fileFormat":62,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":63,"datePublished":64,"encodingFormat":62,"isAccessibleForFree":65,"interactionStatistic":66},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":58},"Person",{"url":42,"name":60,"@type":61},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-23","2026-07-31",true,{"@type":67,"interactionType":68,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":69},"ViewAction",{"@type":71,"mainEntity":72},"FAQPage",[73,79,83],{"name":74,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":76},"What is the core goal of the textbook described in the preface?","Question",{"text":77,"@type":78},"It is to introduce readers to the basic concepts of quantum computing, quantum information, and quantum engineering, with essential notions to build solid fundamentals.","Answer",{"name":80,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":81},"How does a qubit differ from a classical bit?",{"text":82,"@type":78},"A classical bit is in one of two states (0 or 1), while a qubit can be in a linear superposition of two states. Qubits also enable quantum-mechanical operations beyond classical logic.",{"name":84,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":85},"Why does manipulating exponentially many quantum states not guarantee exponential speedup for every problem?",{"text":86,"@type":78},"Because measurement collapses the quantum state to one of the 2^N basis states. 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