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Archaeological and written sources are analyzed and compared, culminating in a conclusion that supports a Pytheas visit to Kaali—without identifying it as ultima Thule.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/pytheas-the-massaliot-and-the-myth-or-reality-archaeologia-lituana-2022-vol-23/136712/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/pytheas-the-massaliot-and-the-myth-or-reality-archaeologia-lituana-2022-vol-23/136712.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ethan Miller","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-18","2026-08-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What central question does the article address about Pytheas the Massaliot?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It reassesses whether Pytheas the Massaliot reached the Baltic and how that relates to Kaali on Saaremaa and the notion of ultima Thule.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the article evaluate the evidence for a Baltic journey?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It analyzes and compares archaeological and written evidence, using a model that requires corroborative support between the two source types.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What conclusion is reached about Kaali on Saaremaa?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Kaali on Saaremaa is argued to have been visited by Pytheas the Massaliot, but it should not be equated with ultima Thule.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},136712,1791164240,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":56,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},687207017582,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","Contents lists available at Vilnius University Press  \n\n| Archaeologia Lituana\u003Cbr>2022, vol. 23, pp. 176–194 | ISSN 1392-6748 eISSN 2538-8738 DOI: [https://doi.org/10.15388/ArchLit.2022.23.11](https://doi.org/10.15388/ArchLit.2022.23.11) |\n| --- | --- |\n| Pytheas the Massaliot and the Myth or Reality?\u003Cbr>Søren Skriver Tillisch, MPhil\u003Cbr>Primary school for gifted children (Atheneskolen), Denmark [soren4@hotmail.com](soren4@hotmail.com) | Baltic. |\n| Abstract. Pytheas the Massaliot travelled the entire European coastline from Gades (Cadiz) to the mythological northern mouth of the Tanais (Don), circumnavigated Britain, reached ultima Thule, probably the Faroes, and the amber island of Abalus, probably Thy, and Norway, possibly the land of the Periscians.\u003Cbr>This article revisits the idea of Pytheas reaching the Baltic, very possibly the area of the northern mouth of Tanais (Vistula? Nemunas?), and the idea of Kaali on Saaremaa as “the place where the sun went to bed”’. The examination of the question is introduced with a historiographical excursus and chapters on the scientific background of the journey, the measurements of Pytheas, his hometown Massalia and his journey as far as the Western Baltic. The argument will be exposed through analysis and comparison of the archaeological and written evidence.\u003Cbr>In conclusion it is argued that Kaali on Saaremaa was visited by Pytheas the Massaliot and may indeed be considered“the place where the sun went to bed” but not “ultima Thule”.\u003Cbr>Keywords: Pytheas the Massaliot, Ancient Greece, The Baltic, Sarema.\u003Cbr>Pitėjas Masilietis ir Baltija. Mitas ar tikrovė?\u003Cbr>Anotacija. Pitėjas Masilietis (gyveno [IV a. pr. m. e](IV a. pr. m. e).), senovės graikų geografas, apkeliavo Europos pakrantę nuo Kadiso (Cadiz) iki Tanais (prie Dono žiočių), apiplaukė Britaniją, pasiekė Ultima Tulę, tikriausiai Farerus, gintaro salą Abalus irtikriausiaiNorvegiją. Straipsnyje darkartą apžvelgiamaPitėjo, pasiekusio Baltiją, šiaurinėsTanais žiočių (Vyslos? Nemuno?) kelionės ir Saremos Kaali, kaip „vietos, kur saulė nuėjo miegoti“, aplankymo klausimas. Problema nagrinėjama, pasitelkiantistoriografinį ekskursą, Pitėjo ir jo gimtojo miesto Masalijos matavimus, kelionę iki vakarų Baltijos, analizuojant ir lyginant archeologinius ir rašytinius įrodymus. Apibendrinant teigiama, kad Pitėjas Masilietis apsilankė Kaali Saremos saloje ir iš tiesų ši vieta, bet ne „ultima Thule“, gali būti laikoma „vieta, kur saulė nuėjo miegoti“.\u003Cbr>Reikšminiai žodžiai: Pitėjas Masilietis, senovės Graikija, Baltija, Sarema. |  |\n\nIntroduction  \nIt is today beyond reasonable doubt that Pytheas the Massaliot, who claimed to have travelled the entire European coastline from Gades (Cadiz) to the mythological northern mouth of the Tanais (Don), circumnavigated Britain, reached ultima Thule, probably the Faroes, and the amber island of Abalus, probably Thy, and Norway, possibly the land of the Periscians, those who live around the shadow, i.e. the northern polar circle.  \nThe evidence for reaching the Baltic is much less conclusive.  \nOne example, the identification ofKaali on Saaremaa as “the place where the sun went to bed” and shown to Pytheas by the Barbarians, and the island itself as “ultima Thule”(Meri, 1976), has been doubted due to serious concerns about the archaeological and historical probability (Mägi, 2004) and the fact that the two interrelated  \nReceived: 11/07/2022 . Accepted: 08/11/2022  \nCopyright © 2022 Søren Skriver Tillisch. Published by Vilnius University Press. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.  \nSTRAIPSNIAI / Søren Skriver Tillisch. Pytheas the Massaliot and the Baltic. Myth or Reality?  \nfragments mentioning it appear to allude to Odyssey I,22–25 . The use of Homeric references should, however, be expected in almost any G","cbCaieurBmltRWYu","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieurBmltRWYu","pdf",2849876,"English","# Introduction\n## Historiography\n## Evidence from written sources\n## Evidence from archaeological sources\n## Scientific background and measurements\n## Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"What central question does the article address about Pytheas the Massaliot?\",\"answer\":\"It reassesses whether Pytheas the Massaliot reached the Baltic and how that relates to Kaali on Saaremaa and the notion of ultima Thule.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the article evaluate the evidence for a Baltic journey?\",\"answer\":\"It analyzes and compares archaeological and written evidence, using a model that requires corroborative support between the two source types.\"},{\"question\":\"What conclusion is reached about Kaali on Saaremaa?\",\"answer\":\"Kaali on Saaremaa is argued to have been visited by Pytheas the Massaliot, but it should not be equated with ultima Thule.\"}]","Pytheas the Massaliot and the Myth or Reality? - Archaeologia Lituana 2022, vol. 23 | PDF",1787391804,48]