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Clinical parameters including age, blood pressure, visual acuity, and imaging features were compared, and logistic regression identified independent associations. PHS clusters correlated with older age, higher systolic blood pressure, worse vision, venous dilation, and CVH, and with PHS clusters in the CSCR-unaffected fellow 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clusters after adjustment?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"In multivariate analysis, venous dilation and the presence of cluster PHS in the CSCR-unaffected fellow eye remained significantly associated with PHS (+) status.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},462571,1790813212,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,109,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & 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on Indocyanine Green Angiography in Eyes with Central Serous Chorioretinopathy and Patient Demographics  \nSetsuko Kawakami 1, *, Mariko Sasaki 2,3, Yoshihiro Wakabayashi 1, Tsuyoshi Mizusawa 1, Hideki Mori 1, Hiroshi Goto 1 and Tsutomu Yasukawa 4  \nAcademic Editor: Brent Siesky  \nReceived: 26 October 2025  \nRevised: 23 December 2025  \nAccepted: 26 December 2025  \nPublished: 29 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan  \n2 Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan  \n3 Department of Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan  \n4 Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8602, Japan  \n* Correspondence: [setsu@tokyo-med.ac.jp](setsu@tokyo-med.ac.jp); Tel.: +81-3-3342-6111  \nAbstract  \nPurpose: To investigate the clinical significance of punctate hyperfluorescent spots (PHS) on indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) . Methods: In this retrospective study, 87 eyes of 87 patients diagnosed with CSCR through comprehensive multimodal imaging were analyzed. Eyes with a cluster of five or more PHS on ICGA were classified as PHS (+), and eyes with four or fewer as PHS (−) . Clinical parameters, including age, blood pressure, visual acuity, and imaging features such as choroidal venous dilation, choroidal vascular hyperpermeability (CVH), pachydrusen, and the status of PHS in the CSCR-unaffected fellow eyes, were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent factors associated with PHS (+) status. Results: The PHS (+) group consisted of 63 (72.4%) eyes and the PHS (−) group 24 (27.6%) eyes. In the PHS (+) group, patients were significantly older (p = 0.031) and had higher systolic blood pressure (p = 0.030) and worse best-corrected visual acuity (p = 0.040) than those in the PHS (−) group. Notably, the PHS (+) group showed a significantly higher prevalence of PHS clusters in the fellow eye than the PHS (−) group (81.7% vs. 34.8%, p \u003C 0.001) . In univariate analysis, age (p = 0.045), venous dilation (p = 0.041), CVH (p = 0.034), and PHS clusters in the fellow eye (p \u003C 0.001) were significantly associated with PHS clusters in the study eye. In multivariate analysis adjusted for multiple confounders, venous dilation (p = 0.026) and the presence of cluster PHS in the fellow eye (p = 0.001) remained significantly associated, and CVH tended to be significant (p = 0.089) . Conclusions: PHS clusters are a frequent finding in eyes with CSCR, associated with venous dilation, CVH, and PHS in the CSCR-unaffected fellow eye. These conditions may predispose eyes to pachychoroid diseases such as CSCR.  \nKeywords: central serous chorioretinopathy; choroidal vascular hyperpermeability; pachychoroid; pachydrusen; punctate hyperfluorescent spots  \n1. Introduction  \nCentral serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is characterized by serous retinal detachment (SRD) resulting from disruption of the outer blood–retinal barrier. The pathogenesis  \nof CSCR is not fully understood, but several contributing factors have been identified. Choroidal vascular hyperpermeability (CVH) is a hallmark of CSCR, possibly associated with thickened choroid (also known as pachychoroid) and SRD through dysfunction of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) [1–3] . In addition, CSCR is considered to be affected by systemic factors such as stress and corticosteroid exposure [1,4] .  \nCSCR is generally classified into acut","cbCairujJHrIjV9n","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairujJHrIjV9n","pdf",5940377,11,"English","# Abstract\n## Purpose\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusions\n# 1. Introduction\n# 2. Patients and Methods\n## 2.1. Ethics Statement\n## 2.2. Study Design","[{\"question\":\"How were eyes classified based on punctate hyperfluorescent spots on ICGA?\",\"answer\":\"Eyes with a cluster of five or more PHS on ICGA were classified as PHS (+), while eyes with four or fewer were classified as PHS (−).\"},{\"question\":\"What patient and clinical factors were associated with PHS (+) status?\",\"answer\":\"Patients in the PHS (+) group were significantly older and had higher systolic blood pressure, with worse best-corrected visual acuity compared with the PHS (−) group.\"},{\"question\":\"Which imaging findings were independently associated with PHS clusters after adjustment?\",\"answer\":\"In multivariate analysis, venous dilation and the presence of cluster PHS in the CSCR-unaffected fellow eye remained significantly associated with PHS (+) status.\"}]","Punctate Hyperfluorescent Spots on Indocyanine Green Angiography in Eyes with Central Serous Chorioretinopathy and Patient Demographics | PDF",1790764557,28]