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Gorgoulis 1,4,5,6,7, * and Nicholas Kotopoulos 1  \nCitation: Pantelis, P.; Theocharous, G.; Veroutis, D.; Vagena, I.-A.; Polyzou, A.; Thanos, D.-F.; Kyrodimos, E.; Kotsinas, A.; Evangelou, K.; Lagopati, N.; et al. Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) Trigger Cell Death and Senescence in Cancer Cells. Int. J. Mol.  \nSci. 2024, 25, 2473. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/ijms25052473](10.3390/ijms25052473)  \nAcademic Editor: Michael Welsh  \nReceived: 20 January 2024  \nRevised: 10 February 2024  \nAccepted: 19 February 2024  \nPublished: 20 February 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 11527 Athens, Greece  \n2 Laboratory of Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 11527 Athens, Greece  \n3 1st ENT Department, Hippocration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 11527 Athens, Greece  \n4 Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece  \n5 Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK  \n6 Faculty Institute for Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK  \n7 Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey GU2 7YH, UK  \n* [Correspondence: nlagopati@med.uoa.gr](Correspondence: nlagopati@med.uoa.gr) (N.L.); [vgorg@med.uoa.gr](vgorg@med.uoa.gr) (V.G.G.);  \nTel.: +30-210-746-2362 (N.L.); +30-210-746-2352 (V.G.G.)† These authors contributed equally to this work, as first authors.  \n‡ These authors contributed equally to this work, as second authors.  \nAbstract: The currently available anti-cancer therapies, such as gamma-radiation and chemotherapeutic agents, induce cell death and cellular senescence not only in cancer cells but also in the adjacent normal tissue. New anti-tumor approaches focus on limiting the side effects on normal cells. In this frame, the potential anti-tumor properties of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) through the irradiation of breast cancer epithelial cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and normal fibroblasts (FF95) were investigated. PEMFs had a frequency of 8 Hz, full-square wave type and magnetic flux density of 0.011 T and were applied twice daily for 5 days. The data collected showcase that PEMF application decreases the proliferation rate and viability of breast cancer cells while having the opposite effect on normal fibroblasts. Moreover, PEMF irradiation induces cell death and cellular senescence only in breast cancer cells without any effect in the non-cancerous cells. These findings suggest PEMF irradiation as a novel, non-invasive anti-cancer strategy that, when combined with senolytic drugs, may eliminate both cancer and the remaining senescent cells, while simultaneously avoiding the side effects of the current treatments.  \nKeywords: pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs); cancer therapeutics; cell viability; cell death; senescence  \n1. Introduction  \nCancer is one of the most prevalent causes of death worldwide. This entity represents a multifaceted disorder commonly characterized by heterogeneity [1] . Thus, comp","cbCailqgiY1BEqIc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailqgiY1BEqIc","pdf",3660778,14,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What anti-cancer effects do PEMFs show in breast cancer cells versus normal fibroblasts?\",\"answer\":\"PEMF application decreases the proliferation rate and viability of breast cancer cells while showing an opposite effect on normal fibroblasts. PEMF irradiation induces cell death and cellular senescence only in breast cancer cells, without effects in non-cancerous cells.\"},{\"question\":\"What PEMF treatment parameters were used in the study?\",\"answer\":\"PEMFs were applied with a frequency of 8 Hz, a full-square wave type, and magnetic flux density of 0.011 T. Cells were irradiated twice daily for 5 days.\"},{\"question\":\"How could PEMF irradiation be combined with other drugs to improve outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"The findings suggest PEMF irradiation as a novel, non-invasive anti-cancer strategy. When combined with senolytic drugs, it may eliminate both cancer cells and remaining senescent cells while aiming to avoid side effects seen with current treatments.\"}]","Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) Trigger Cell Death and Senescence in Cancer Cells | PDF",1789976408,35]