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Drawing on a narrative synthesis of clinical trials, observational studies, and translational research from January 2010 to June 2025, the review appraises psychological and psychiatric outcomes of prolonged and intermittent fasting, including secular and religious practices. Evidence suggests bidirectional effects: modest reductions in depressive symptoms and stress in some groups, while vulnerable populations may experience mood destabilization, anxiety worsening, rare psychotic or manic decompensations, and higher relapse risk in eating-disorder phenotypes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/psychological-and-psychiatric-consequences-of-prolonged-fasting-neurobiological-clinical-and-therapeutic-perspectives/467215/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/psychological-and-psychiatric-consequences-of-prolonged-fasting-neurobiological-clinical-and-therapeutic-perspectives/467215.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Rainbow Cat","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How is prolonged fasting defined in this review?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Prolonged fasting is defined as voluntary abstinence from caloric intake for periods exceeding 24 hours.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What sources and time window were used to evaluate the evidence?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review used a narrative synthesis of clinical trials, observational studies, and translational research published between January 2010 and June 2025.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What mental-health risks are highlighted for vulnerable individuals?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Potential adverse impacts include mood destabilization, exacerbation of anxiety, and rare psychotic or manic decompensations, with eating-disorder phenotypes showing increased food preoccupation and relapse risk.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},467215,1791096422,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962090769181,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Review  \nPsychological and Psychiatric Consequences of Prolonged  \nFasting: Neurobiological, Clinical, and Therapeutic Perspectives  \nVincenzo Bonaccorsi 1 and Vincenzo Maria Romeo 1,2,3, *  \nAcademic Editor: Hubertus Himmerich  \nReceived: 21 September 2025  \nRevised: 15 October 2025  \nAccepted: 16 October 2025  \nPublished: 24 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Neurosinc, Via P. Bentivoglio n◦ 62, 95125 Catania, Italy  \n2 Department of Culture and Society, University of Palermo, Viale Delle Scienze, Ed. 15, 90128 Palermo, Italy  \n3 School of Psychoanalytic and Groupanalytic Psychotherapy S.P.P.G., Via Fontana n◦ 1,  \n89131 Reggio Calabria, Italy  \n* [Correspondence: vincenzomaria.romeo@unipa.it](Correspondence: vincenzomaria.romeo@unipa.it); Tel.: +39-34-0580-3854  \nAbstract  \nBackground/Objectives: Prolonged fasting—defined as voluntary abstinence from caloric intake for periods exceeding 24 h—is increasingly recognized not only as a metabolic intervention but also as a psycho-behavioral modulator. According to the 2024 international consensus, intermittent fasting encompasses diverse temporal patterns including time-restricted feeding, alternate-day fasting, and periodic fasting of multi-day duration. While metabolic benefits are well documented, the psychoneurobiological and psychiatric consequences remain incompletely characterized. This review critically appraises current evidence on the psychological and psychiatric effects of prolonged and intermittent fasting, including both secular and religious practices. Methods: A narrative synthesis was conducted on clinical trials, observational studies, and translational research published between January 2010 and June 2025 in PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO. Search terms included combinations of “prolonged fasting,” “intermittent fasting,”“psychological,” “psychiatric,” “religious fasting,”“Ramadan,” and “Orthodox Church.” Eligible studies required explicit evaluation of mood, cognition, stress physiology, or psychiatric symptoms. Data were analyzed qualitatively, with particular attention to study quality, fasting regimen characteristics, and participant vulnerability. This is a non-registered narrative synthesis drawing on clinical trials, observational studies, and preclinical evidence published between January 2010 and June 2025 . Results: Eighty-seven studies met inclusion criteria (39 human; 48 preclinical) . In metabolically healthy adults, short-term time-restricted eating and supervised prolonged fasting were associated with modest reductions in depressive symptoms and perceived stress, with small improvements in executive functioning—typically observed in small samples and with limited follow-up. Religious fasting during Ramadan and the Orthodox Christian fasting periods demonstrated similar neuropsychological effects, including greater perceived spiritual meaning and affective modulation, though cultural context played a moderating role. Potential adverse mentalhealth impacts included mood destabilization, anxiety exacerbation, and rare psychotic or manic decompensations in vulnerable individuals. Randomized trials reported few adverse events and no signal for severe psychiatric harm, whereas observational studies more often noted symptom exacerbations in at-risk groups. Patients with eating disorder phenotypes exhibited increased cognitive preoccupation with food and a heightened risk of behavioral relapse. Methodological heterogeneity across studies—including variation in fasting protocols, psychological assessments, and follow-up duration—limited cross-study comparability. Conclusions: Evidence indicates a bidirectional relationship wherein fasting may foster psychological resilience in select populations while posing significant psychiatric risks in others. Inclusion of religious ","cbCaigphmihiDzqP","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigphmihiDzqP","pdf",582261,18,"English","# Abstract\n## Background/Objectives\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusions\n# 1. Introduction","[{\"question\":\"How is prolonged fasting defined in this review?\",\"answer\":\"Prolonged fasting is defined as voluntary abstinence from caloric intake for periods exceeding 24 hours.\"},{\"question\":\"What sources and time window were used to evaluate the evidence?\",\"answer\":\"The review used a narrative synthesis of clinical trials, observational studies, and translational research published between January 2010 and June 2025.\"},{\"question\":\"What mental-health risks are highlighted for vulnerable individuals?\",\"answer\":\"Potential adverse impacts include mood destabilization, exacerbation of anxiety, and rare psychotic or manic decompensations, with eating-disorder phenotypes showing increased food preoccupation and relapse risk.\"}]","Psychological and Psychiatric Consequences of Prolonged Fasting - Neurobiological, Clinical, and Therapeutic Perspectives | PDF",1790772504,45]