[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-125839-en":3,"doc-seo-125839-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},125839,1099523885074,"Ivy","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc",8,"Research & Report","Pseudo-optimal five-level DCC modulation based on machine learning - paper","This paper presents a control-design method for five-level DCC converters using mixed-integer optimization combined with machine learning. The controller is computationally simple for low-resource hardware, relying on nested if-else logic. The optimization cost is modified from prior work to improve dynamic performance and broaden online operating coverage. Offline, solutions are generated for multiple operating conditions, forming a dataset to train classification and regression trees (CARTs) used online. Simulations and experiments compare the strategy with literature approaches, showing flexibility beyond training points through CART generalization.","Electrical Power and Energy Systems xxx (xxxx) xxx  \n| Pseudo-optimal five-level DCC modulation based on machine learning✩ Pablo Montero-Robinaa,∗, Francisco Gordillob, Fabio Gómez-Esternc, Federico Cuestab\u003Cbr>a Autel Iberia, S.L., Barcelona, Spain\u003Cbr>b Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain c Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| A R T I C L E I N F O |  | A B S T R A C T |  |\n| Keywords:\u003Cbr>Classification and regression trees Diode-clamped converter Mixed-integer linear optimization Multilevel converter |  | This paper presents a method for the control design of five-level DCC converters based on mixed-integer optimization and machine learning. The resulting controller is computationally simple and can be easily implemented on low-resource control hardware using simple nested ‘‘if-else’’ statements. The optimization problem is recalled from previous work by modifying the cost function to further enhance the dynamic performance. Additionally, and in contrast to previous works, the online implementation accomplished in this paper allows the system to cover a wider range of operating points. For this, the optimization problem is solved offline for several operating conditions, and the results are gathered into a dataset to train classification and regression trees (CARTs), which are later used online. Due to the generalization capability of the CARTs, a more flexible and less resource-intensive implementation is achieved which is capable of operating at points outside the ones considered in the training dataset. The resulting control strategy is compared in simulation and experiments with several alternative approaches found in the literature. This approach can be extended to other power converter topologies, allowing the implementation of optimized modulations. |  |\n\n1. Introduction  \nTrends in energy consumption encourage researchers to look for feasible solutions that reduce the cost of grid infrastructure. Highpower industrial applications have been the scope of this search, as they facilitate the delivery and consumption of energy from the highvoltage distribution grid in a straightforward way [1]. Therefore, the voltage limits of power electronics devices are a major concern in the field [2]. In this context, multilevel converter topologies emerged asa predominant solution [3]. The use of serialized switching devices enables them to support larger grid voltage by dividing it among the connected devices [4]. Furthermore, they can achieve more accurate modulation and reduction of current distortion, which facilitates the fulfillment of the grid codes EN50160. However, as the number of levels increases, so does the control complexity as there are more possible switching states. Besides, the additional capacitors have to be balanced, which involves additional control objectives. If this aspect isnot taken into account, the system may not behave properly or even suffer irreversible damage.  \nThere are a large number of multilevel converter topologies, and each has its advantages and drawbacks [5]. This paper focuses on  \nthe diode-clamped converter (DCC) [6]. The three-level neutral-pointclamped (NPC) converter belongs to this topology and is one of the most investigated, accepted, and used multilevel converter topologies in the industry. However, the five-level one still finds some reluctance. This is due to the increase in the number of switching vectors (125) and the control objectives that must be considered. Therefore, designing a proper modulation algorithm to command the switches is vital for the integration of this topology. The modulation must satisfactorily implement the desired output voltages at the same time that the capacitors must be evenly charged. This is not an easy task, and many different approaches are currently found in the literature as shown below.  \nA strategy based on space-vec","cbCainiJZo82Ubiq","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainiJZo82Ubiq","pdf",4875369,4,1,15,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Background and motivation\n## Diode-clamped and five-level modulation challenges\n## Related space-vector and carrier-based approaches\n## Paper contribution and approach overview","[{\"question\":\"How does the proposed method design the five-level DCC controller?\",\"answer\":\"It formulates modulation/control as a mixed-integer optimization problem, then uses offline optimization results to train CART models that are executed online for control decisions.\"},{\"question\":\"Why use classification and regression trees (CARTs) in the online stage?\",\"answer\":\"CARTs enable a flexible implementation that is computationally lightweight, using simple if-else logic while generalizing to operating points not present in the training dataset.\"},{\"question\":\"What advantages does the method claim over prior modulation strategies?\",\"answer\":\"Compared with earlier space-vector-based and carrier-based methods, the online implementation achieved in this work covers a wider range of operating points and improves dynamic behavior through a modified cost function.\"}]","Pseudo-optimal five-level DCC modulation based on machine learning - paper | PDF",1785901512,38,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":29},"pseudo-optimal-five-level-dcc-modulation-based-on-machine-learning-paper","",{"@graph":37,"@context":86},[38,54,69],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,49,52],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":50,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":51},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":53,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/pseudo-optimal-five-level-dcc-modulation-based-on-machine-learning-paper/125839/",{"url":53,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":42,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-23","2026-08-05",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"How does the proposed method design the five-level DCC controller?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"It formulates modulation/control as a mixed-integer optimization problem, then uses offline optimization results to train CART models that are executed online for control decisions.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"Why use classification and regression trees (CARTs) in the online stage?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"CARTs enable a flexible implementation that is computationally lightweight, using simple if-else logic while generalizing to operating points not present in the training dataset.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"What advantages does the method claim over prior modulation strategies?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"Compared with earlier space-vector-based and carrier-based methods, the online implementation achieved in this work covers a wider range of operating points and improves dynamic behavior through a modified cost function.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":53,"og:type":88,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":90,"canonical":53},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":93},[94,98,102,106,111,116,121,124,129,132,136],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":48,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},30,"research-report",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":131},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":135},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":139},19,"General","general"]