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[https://doi.org/10.4111/icu.20240229](https://doi.org/10.4111/icu.20240229)[ ](https://doi.org/10.4111/icu.20240229)[pISSN 2466-0493](pISSN 2466-0493) • eISSN 2466-054X  \nProstate cancer theragnostics biomarkers: An update  \nSathish Kumar AM1, Prabhakar Rajan2, Mohammad Alkhamees3, Merrel Holley4,  \nVinoth-Kumar Lakshmanan1  \n1Prostate Cancer Biomarker Laboratory, Faculty of Clinical Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, India, 2Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK City of London Centre, London, UK, 3Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, AlMajmaah, Saudi Arabia, 4International Hyperbaric Medical Foundation, Morgan City, LA, USA  \nBiomarkers are molecules such as proteins, genes, or other substances that may be tested to determine the stage of the tumor ina patient. The role of prostate cancer biomarkers is pivotal and the combination of prostate cancer immunotherapy with efficient biomarkers has emerged as a beneficial treatment strategy and its use has increased rapidly. The two primary objectives ofthis current prostate cancer early detection programs were recognizing non-symptomatic individuals with prostate cancer requiring prostatic core biopsy and identifying men with prostate cancer who might benefit from definitive medical treatment. The progress that has been made so far in the identification of the biomarkers that can be used for the classification, prediction and prognostication of prostate cancer, and as major targets for its clinical intervention has been well summarized in this review.  \nKeywords: Exosomes; Immunotherapy; Liquid biopsies; Metastasis; Prostatectomy  \nThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ([http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0)) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \nINCIDENCE  \nProstate cancer is a disease with several clinical and molecular features [1]. It is the most prevalent type of cancer in men in over half of the world’s countries, and the leading cause of cancer mortality in 46 of those countries, with the Caribbean holding the highest rates [2]. Prostate cancer is the second prevalent cancer and is the fifth-leading cause of death worldwide, accounting 1.3 million new cases and 359,000 deaths in 2018 [3]. It is also one of the most frequent cancers among men in US (about 174,650 new cases in 2019), almost 20% of all newly diagnosed cancers [4]. Prostate cancer affects one in every six American males at some point in their lives. Of them, only one may die from the disease, and  \nmajority of them may not show any clinical symptoms [5]. In comparison, White men are 55% more likely to receive a prostate cancer diagnosis than Asian-American men; yet, research have shown that Asian-American men are more likely to develop high-grade prostate cancer [6]. It is anticipated that 20% of individuals with prostate cancer have a highrisk malignancy that might advance to a potentially fatal condition, despite the fact that the majority of patients have been diagnosed with inactive or extremely slow fostering disease [7]. Advanced prostate cancer is still completely incurable, even though the majority of cases are found in their early, treatable stages. Patients with prostate cancer who had metastatic progression experienced a five-year survival rate of 30.6% between 2011 and 2017 [8]. Ageing, ances-  \nReceived: 9 July, 2024 • Revised: 2 September, 2024 • Accepted: 10 October, 2024 • Published online: 29 October, 2024  \nCorresponding Author: Vinoth-Kumar Lakshmanan  [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7420-8459](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7420-8459)  \nProstate Cancer Biomarker Laboratory, Faculty of Clinical","cbCaifc0T1HnzyDq","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifc0T1HnzyDq","pdf",8338241,13,"English","# Review Article Metadata\n## Title, Authors, and Keywords\n## Biomarkers and Clinical Objectives\n## Incidence and Risk Overview","[{\"question\":\"What are prostate cancer biomarkers used for in this review?\",\"answer\":\"Biomarkers are molecules tested to determine tumor stage. The review also focuses on how biomarkers support classification, prediction, and prognostication and serve as targets for clinical intervention.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are liquid biopsies and immunotherapy linked to biomarker development?\",\"answer\":\"The review describes biomarker strategies as essential for combining prostate cancer immunotherapy with efficient detection and decision-making. Exosome-related and liquid biopsy concepts are listed among the keywords supporting this theme.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the role of early detection programs discussed in the article?\",\"answer\":\"The text states two primary objectives: identifying non-symptomatic individuals needing prostatic core biopsy and recognizing men who may benefit from definitive medical treatment.\"}]","Prostate cancer theragnostics biomarkers: An update | PDF",1789999181,33]