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This review summarizes the main PCa microenvironment components, including immune cells, vascular systems, stromal cells, and microbiota, and analyzes how their interactions influence diagnosis and treatment decisions. The synthesis highlights clinical relevance of recent advances and points to microenvironment-directed therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/prostate-cancer-microenvironment-multidimensional-regulation-of-immune-cells-vascular-system-stromal-cells-and-microbiota/338302/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/prostate-cancer-microenvironment-multidimensional-regulation-of-immune-cells-vascular-system-stromal-cells-and-microbiota/338302.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Rowan","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-26","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main focus of the review on prostate cancer microenvironment?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The review focuses on multidimensional regulation within the prostate cancer microenvironment, covering immune cells, vascular systems, stromal cells, and microbiota, and how these components affect diagnosis and treatment.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were studies selected for this review?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Literature was retrieved using keywords such as “prostate cancer” and “tumor microenvironment” from online databases including PubMed and Web of Science, prioritizing peer-reviewed articles from the last five years.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What roles do immune cells, stromal cells, and microbiota play in PCa progression?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review describes immune cells as contributing to immunosuppressive conditions, stromal cells as promoting tumor growth, and microbiota as potentially affecting androgen metabolism, thereby influencing disease development.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},338302,1790392435,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},1099514067415,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539d78ffe74a7?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779092875211072502","Chen et al. Molecular Cancer (2024) 23:229 Molecular Cancer  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-024-02137-1](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-024-02137-1)  \nREVIEW Open Access  \nProstate cancer microenvironment:    \nmultidimensional regulation of immune cells, vascular system, stromal cells, and microbiota  \nLin Chen 1,2†, Yu-Xin Xu 1,2†, Yuan-Shuo Wang3, Ying-Ying Ren 1,2, Xue-Man Dong 1,2, Pu Wu 1,2, Tian Xie 1,2*, Qi Zhang4* and Jian-Liang Zhou 1,2*  \nAbstract  \nBackground Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent malignancies in males worldwide. Increasing research attention has focused on the PCa microenvironment, which plays a crucial role in tumor progression and therapy resistance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the key components of the  \nPCa microenvironment, including immune cells, vascular systems, stromal cells, and microbiota, and explore their implications for diagnosis and treatment.  \nMethods Keywords such as “prostate cancer”,“tumor microenvironment”,“immune cells”,“vascular system”,“stromal cells”, and “microbiota” were used for literature retrieval through online databases including PubMed and Web of Science. Studies related to the PCa microenvironment were selected, with a particular focus on those discussing the roles of immune cells, vascular systems, stromal cells, and microbiota in the development, progression, and treatment of PCa. The selection criteria prioritized peer-reviewed articles published in the last five years, aiming to summarize and analyze the latest research advancements and clinical relevance regarding the PCa microenvironment.  \nResults The PCa microenvironment is highly complex and dynamic, with immune cells contributing to immunosuppressive conditions, stromal cells promoting tumor growth, and microbiota potentially affecting androgen metabolism. Vascular systems support angiogenesis, which fosters tumor expansion. Understanding these components offers insight into the mechanisms driving PCa progression and opens avenues for novel therapeutic strategies targeting the tumor microenvironment.  \nConclusions A deeper understanding of the PCa microenvironment is crucial for advancing diagnostic techniques and developing precision therapies. This review highlights the potential of targeting the microenvironment to improve patient outcomes, emphasizing its significance in the broader context of PCa research and treatment innovation.  \n†Lin Chen andYu-Xin Xu contributed equally to this work.  \n*Correspondence: Tian Xie[xbs@hznu.edu.cn](xbs@hznu.edu.cn)[ ](xbs@hznu.edu.cn)Qi Zhang [clinic@126.com](clinic@126.com)[ ](clinic@126.com)Jian-Liang Zhou  \n[cpuzhou@163.com](cpuzhou@163.com); [cpuzhou@hznu.edu.cn](cpuzhou@hznu.edu.cn)  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \n© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://](http://)[ ](http://)[creativecommons.org/l](creativecommons.org/l)icenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.  \nGraphical Abstract  \nKeywords Prostate cancer, Tumor microenvironment, Immune cells, Vascu","cbCaiduDJfiAlIWT","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiduDJfiAlIWT","pdf",6525368,32,"English","# Abstract\n# Background\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusions\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What is the main focus of the review on prostate cancer microenvironment?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on multidimensional regulation within the prostate cancer microenvironment, covering immune cells, vascular systems, stromal cells, and microbiota, and how these components affect diagnosis and treatment.\"},{\"question\":\"How were studies selected for this review?\",\"answer\":\"Literature was retrieved using keywords such as “prostate cancer” and “tumor microenvironment” from online databases including PubMed and Web of Science, prioritizing peer-reviewed articles from the last five years.\"},{\"question\":\"What roles do immune cells, stromal cells, and microbiota play in PCa progression?\",\"answer\":\"The review describes immune cells as contributing to immunosuppressive conditions, stromal cells as promoting tumor growth, and microbiota as potentially affecting androgen metabolism, thereby influencing disease development.\"}]","Prostate cancer microenvironment: multidimensional regulation of immune cells, vascular system, stromal cells, and microbiota | PDF",1790022965,81]