[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-357353-105":59,"doc-detail-357353-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","prostate-cancer-etiology-diagnosis-and-treatment","Prostate Cancer - Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment","","Prostate cancer remains a serious health issue for American men, with 313,780 new diagnoses and 35,770 deaths reported in 2025. The review synthesizes current knowledge on etiology, highlighting androgen receptor signaling, the genetic landscape including DNA damage response alterations and pathways such as FOXA1, SPOP, PI3K, WNT, AURKA, and MYCN, and the possible role of inflammation. It summarizes diagnosis via Gleason score and PSA levels, plus imaging and biomarker-based methods. It also covers treatment options across localized, metastatic, and castration-resistant stages.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/prostate-cancer-etiology-diagnosis-and-treatment/357353/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/prostate-cancer-etiology-diagnosis-and-treatment/357353.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ben ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-28","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What biological mechanisms are emphasized in prostate cancer etiology?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The article emphasizes androgen receptor signaling as a key driver of prostate cancer survival and progression, and summarizes genetic alterations across multiple pathways including DNA damage response and signaling networks such as PI3K and WNT. It also discusses inflammation as a potential contributor to disease development.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How is prostate cancer diagnosed according to the review?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Diagnosis is discussed using Gleason score and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels as the gold standard for diagnosis and monitoring progression. Additional methods reviewed include magnetic resonance imaging, 4Kscore, the Prostate Health Index, and bone scintigraphy.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What treatment approaches are reviewed for different prostate cancer stages?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"For localized disease, the review covers active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). For metastatic prostate cancer, ADT remains standard of care, while castration-resistant prostate cancer is addressed with cabazitaxel and second-generation androgen receptor inhibitors, along with non-canonical strategies.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},357353,1790201141,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},2336478951081,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript  \n\n| | HHS Public Access\u003Cbr>Author manuscript\u003Cbr>Serican J Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2026 June 30. |\n| --- | --- |\n\nPublished in final edited form as:  \nSerican J Med. 2026 ; 3(1): . doi:10.17161/sjm.v3i1.24992 .  \nProstate Cancer: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment  \n*  \nChaohao Li  \n,  \nZhiguo Li,  \n*  \nXiaoqi Liu  \nDepartment of Toxicology & Cancer Biology, The University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA  \nAbstract  \nBased on cancer statistics in 2025, 313,780 American men were diagnosed with prostate cancer, and 35,770 of them died from the disease; thus, prostate cancer remains a serious health issue for American men. In this article, we review multiple aspects of the disease, including etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Regarding disease etiology, we summarize current knowledge of prostate cancer initiation and progression, with a focus on androgen receptor signaling. We discuss the genetic landscape of prostate cancer, including alterations in the DNA damage response pathway, FOXA1, SPOP, the PI3K pathway, WNT signaling, AURKA, and MYCN. We also address the potential contribution of inflammation to prostate cancer development. In the diagnosis of prostate cancer, the Gleason score is discussed. Measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels has been the gold standard for diagnosing prostate cancer and monitoring disease progression. We also review additional diagnostic methods, including magnetic resonance imaging, the 4Kscore, the Prostate Health Index, and bone scintigraphy. Various treatments have been used clinically. For localized prostate cancer, active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, and androgen deprivation therapy are available options. For metastatic prostate cancer, androgen deprivation therapy remains the standard of care. For castration-resistant prostate cancer, cabazitaxel and second-generation androgen receptor inhibitors are the major therapeutic approaches. We also review several non-canonical treatment strategies.  \nKeywords  \nprostate cancer; etiology; diagnosis; treatment  \n1. Introduction  \nAccording to the cancer statistics of 2024, prostate cancer (PCa) continues to rank asthe third most diagnosed type of cancer and the sixth leading cause of death [1] . As  \nThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ([http://creativecommons.org/](http://creativecommons.org/)[ ](http://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by/4.0/](licenses/by/4.0/))  \n*Co-Corresponding author: Chaohao Li, PhD, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, [USA. cli19@mdanderson.org](USA. cli19@mdanderson.org); Xiaoqi Liu, PhD, Department of Toxicology & Cancer Biology, The University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, [USA. xiaoqi.liu@uky.edu](USA. xiaoqi.liu@uky.edu).  \nDisclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.  \nAuthor Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript  \nLi et al. Page 2  \na disease that is closely related to aging, PCa tends to happen in older men [2] . In addition, other determinants such as ethnicity, family history, and hereditary changes of the genome are also implicated in PCa [3]. Androgen receptor (AR) signaling, which is the well-established pathway to sustain PCa’s survival and proliferation [4, 5], is essential for disease progression. Accordingly, medical interventions that deplete endogenous androgen, named androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), remain the major treatment against PCa [6, 7]. Despite the slow progression of this disease, nearly all patients eventually progress to the deadly metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) that is resistant to ADT. Significant efforts have been put into dealing with this situation, and that leads to the modification of current therapy regimens and the discovery of ","cbCairv17AbMNtTO","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairv17AbMNtTO","pdf",1157030,36,"English","# Introduction\n# Disease Etiology","[{\"question\":\"What biological mechanisms are emphasized in prostate cancer etiology?\",\"answer\":\"The article emphasizes androgen receptor signaling as a key driver of prostate cancer survival and progression, and summarizes genetic alterations across multiple pathways including DNA damage response and signaling networks such as PI3K and WNT. It also discusses inflammation as a potential contributor to disease development.\"},{\"question\":\"How is prostate cancer diagnosed according to the review?\",\"answer\":\"Diagnosis is discussed using Gleason score and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels as the gold standard for diagnosis and monitoring progression. Additional methods reviewed include magnetic resonance imaging, 4Kscore, the Prostate Health Index, and bone scintigraphy.\"},{\"question\":\"What treatment approaches are reviewed for different prostate cancer stages?\",\"answer\":\"For localized disease, the review covers active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). For metastatic prostate cancer, ADT remains standard of care, while castration-resistant prostate cancer is addressed with cabazitaxel and second-generation androgen receptor inhibitors, along with non-canonical strategies.\"}]","Prostate Cancer - Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment | PDF",1790129708,91]