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Traditional approaches rely on PSA testing and DRE, followed by invasive biopsy, which are uncomfortable for patients and motivate less invasive, more accurate tools. This review evaluates current diagnostic methods and genetic biomarkers relevant to diagnosis, prognosis, and personalised treatment selection, including progress in MRI-targeted diagnostics and liquid biopsies.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/prostate-cancer-a-review-of-genetics-current-biomarkers-and-personalised-treatments/329160/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/prostate-cancer-a-review-of-genetics-current-biomarkers-and-personalised-treatments/329160.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"River Wang","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why are less invasive diagnostic tools needed for prostate cancer?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"PSA testing and DRE are followed by invasive prostate biopsy for confirmation, and the DRE and biopsy are uncomfortable for patients. This drives the need for less invasive and more accurate diagnostics.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which genetic families are discussed as potential biomarker sources?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The review highlights biomarkers from multiple gene families, including MYC and ETS families, as well as tumour suppressor genes, Androgen Receptor signalling genes, and DNA repair genes.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What advances in diagnostic tools and personalised treatments are covered?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Advances include MRI-targeted diagnostics and liquid biopsies. The review also describes personalised treatments targeting metabolism-driven and inflammation-driven prostate cancer.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},329160,1790892445,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},1099514067438,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539ee87300030?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1780474512215547542","Cancer Reports  \nREVIEW  OPEN ACCESS   \nProstate Cancer: A Review of Genetics, Current Biomarkers and Personalised Treatments  \nTrevor K. Wilson  | Oliver T. Zishiri   \nDiscipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering, and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa Correspondence: Oliver T. Zishiri ([zishiri@ukzn.ac.za](zishiri@ukzn.ac.za))  \nReceived: 7 May 2024 | Revised: 22 August 2024 | Accepted: 9 September 2024  \nKeywords: biomarkers | genes | personalised treatment | prostate cancer  \nABSTRACT  \nBackground: Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men, second only to lung cancer. Despite this, diagnosis and prognosis methods remain limited, with effective treatments being few and far between. Traditionally, prostate cancer is initially tested for through a prostate serum antigen (PSA) test and a digital rectum examination (DRE), followed by confirmation through an invasive prostate biopsy. The DRE and biopsy are uncomfortable for the patient, so less invasive, accurate diagnostic tools are needed. Current diagnostic tools, along with genes that hold possible biomarker uses in diagnosis, prognosis and indications for personalised treatment plans, were reviewed in this article.  \nRecent Findings: Several genes from multiple families have been identified as possible biomarkers for disease, including those from the MYC and ETS families, as well as several tumour suppressor genes, Androgen Receptor signalling genes and DNA repair genes. There have also been advances in diagnostic tools, including MRI-targeted and liquid biopsies. Several personalised treatments have been developed over the years, including those that target metabolism-driven prostate cancer or those that target inflammation-driven cancer.  \nConclusion: Several advances have been made in prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment, but the disease still grows year by year, leading to more and more deaths annually. This calls for even more research into this disease, allowing for better diagnosis and treatment methods and a better chance of patient survival.  \n1 | Introduction  \nWith around 1.5 million cases [1, 2], prostate cancer ranks near the top of the world's cancer list. It is very prevalent in developed countries, but outside of the developed world, Southern Africa's prostate cancer rate of 65.9 in 100 000 is the highest, with a mortality rate of 22 in 100 000 [1]. The reason for this higher mortality in Southern Africa is suspected to be due to men from this region being less willing to seek medical help, possibly due to financial reasons [3]. This statistic is quite concerning, with more and more men succumbing to this awful disease. However, the key to successful treatment of many cancers, including prostate cancer, is early detection and screening, due to this cancer's symptoms only becoming distinguishable when the stage for curing the disease has  \npassed [4]. Therefore, the best hope for many at-risk individuals is for screening for early stages of prostate cancer development. If the disease is diagnosed in the early stages, biomarker testing can be performed to determine the best course of treatment to be used, and personalised medicine can be administered to each patient, allowing for better outcomes in each case [5]. However, many developing countries lack access to personalised medicines due to a lack of funding, facilities, expertise and so on [6]. Therefore, the development of biomarkers associated with genetic mutations resulting in prostate cancer must be undertaken to allow for more accessible personalised medicine to be developed and used for better outcomes. This review will focus on the genetics of prostate cancer, along with current trends in biomarker development and personalised treatments.  \nThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the or","cbCaiaGwH9GVzoWF","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaGwH9GVzoWF","pdf",6080231,28,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Background on Prostate Cancer\n## Cancer of the Prostate\n## Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer\n## The Prevalence of Prostate Cancer","[{\"question\":\"Why are less invasive diagnostic tools needed for prostate cancer?\",\"answer\":\"PSA testing and DRE are followed by invasive prostate biopsy for confirmation, and the DRE and biopsy are uncomfortable for patients. This drives the need for less invasive and more accurate diagnostics.\"},{\"question\":\"Which genetic families are discussed as potential biomarker sources?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights biomarkers from multiple gene families, including MYC and ETS families, as well as tumour suppressor genes, Androgen Receptor signalling genes, and DNA repair genes.\"},{\"question\":\"What advances in diagnostic tools and personalised treatments are covered?\",\"answer\":\"Advances include MRI-targeted diagnostics and liquid biopsies. The review also describes personalised treatments targeting metabolism-driven and inflammation-driven prostate cancer.\"}]","Prostate Cancer - A Review of Genetics, Current Biomarkers and Personalised Treatments | PDF",1789982811,71]