[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-209242-en":3,"doc-seo-209242-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},209242,13056703019662,"Evangeline","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253a8e92610077?_k=1778726343310543188",8,"Research & Report","Proprioception: clinical relevance and neurophysiology - Review","Clinical relevance of proprioception is examined alongside its neurophysiological mechanisms, linking sensory receptors to kinesthesia and sensorimotor movement control. The review summarizes how conscious and subconscious proprioceptive components support reflexive actions and perceptual reporting, including attention-related factors. It outlines historical and current hypotheses, highlights psychophysical evidence from human experiments, and addresses proprioceptive deficits, their causes, treatment approaches, and methods for assessing proprioceptive acuity.","Available online [at](at www.sciencedirect.com)[ www.sciencedirect.com](at www.sciencedirect.com)[ ](at www.sciencedirect.com)ScienceDirect  \nProprioception: clinical relevance and neurophysiology Arthur Prochazka 1  \nThis review is intended for clinicians, therapists and researchers interested in proprioception and its role inkinesthesia and the control of movement. First, theneurophysiological basis of proprioception is summarized, identifying the sensory receptors involved and how their signals mediate the perception and control of bodily movement. Past and present hypotheses and the continuing uncertainties and controversies that surround them are outlined. Psychophysical experiments that have helped identify the contribution of proprioceptive receptors to kinesthesia in humans are briefly reviewed. The article then discusses proprioceptive deficits, what causes them, how they are treated and how proprioceptive acuity is assessed.  \nAddress  \nCenter for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2 Canada  \nCorresponding author:  \nProchazka, Arthur ([arthur.prochazka@ualberta.ca](arthur.prochazka@ualberta.ca))  \n1 Present address: 673 Franklin Rd. , Gibsons, BC V0N 1V8, Canada.  \nCurrent Opinion in Physiology 2021, 21:100440  \nThis review comes from a themed issue on Proprioception Edited by Tim Cope and Leah Bent  \n[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2021.05.003](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2021.05.003)  \n[2468-8673/](2468-8673/)ã 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.  \nINTRODUCTION  \nThis article starts with an outline of the neurophysiology of proprioception as it relates to kinesthesia and sensorimotor control. It then covers aspects of proprioception of interest to clinicians, therapists and sports medicine practitioners. Busy clinicians may prefer to start with the clinical section, referring back to the basic neurophysiology when necessary.  \nTHE NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF PROPRIOCEPTION  \nOrigins and definitions  \nIn 1821 Charles Bell proposed that muscles contained sensory elements that contributed both to conscious sensation (\"muscle sense\") and to the subconscious, reflexive control of movement [1]. In 1907 Sherrington distinguished between outward-facing extero-ceptive receptors, such as cutaneous and visual receptors, that  \nsignaled stimuli exerted on the body by the environment, and inward-facing intero-ceptive receptors that sensed the organism’s own internal actions. He coined the term“proprio-ceptors” for intero-ceptive receptors that sensed movement and position of body segments [2]. In the intervening years, it has become accepted that proprioception has both conscious and subconscious components, the latter mediating reflexive movements, as proposed by Bell. The conscious sense of movement is called kinesthesia [3,4􀀁􀀁]. There is no specific word for the conscious sense of position, so position sense is sometimes included in the term kinesthesia. Similarly, there is nospecific word for the conscious perception of force.  \nConscious sensation: a moving target  \nDifferentiating between conscious and subconscious movements, and deciding whether a movement is voluntary or involuntary, is not as straightforward as it may seem [5􀀁]. An internal “searchlight of attention” has been proposed that determines whether something is, or is not, perceived [6,7]. Attention has been defined as the process of selection of the searchlight’s target and consciousness asthe ability to report on the target [8]. The reader can easily confirm the importance of attention in relation to proprioception simply by reaching forward. The arm movement is clearly voluntary and consciously perceived. Now reach forward but focus on sensations in your lower back and legs. Movements and forces are now perceived there, but whether to call them voluntary or involuntary may not be so obvious. In fact, anticipatory electromyographic activity starts in the back muscles before it does in the arm muscles. People with paralyzed back muscles often h","cbCaipOp8w7ktJzR","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipOp8w7ktJzR","pdf",1440783,2,1,17,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# The neurophysiology of proprioception\n## Origins and definitions\n## Conscious sensation: a moving target\n## Proprioceptors: numbers and types","[{\"question\":\"What is the clinical and scientific focus of this review on proprioception?\",\"answer\":\"The review targets clinicians, therapists, and researchers by connecting proprioception’s neurophysiological basis to kinesthesia and movement control, and by covering clinical relevance, deficits, and assessment.\"},{\"question\":\"How do proprioceptors contribute to conscious sensation and subconscious control?\",\"answer\":\"Proprioception is described as having both conscious and subconscious components, where the subconscious side mediates reflexive movements while kinesthesia reflects the conscious perception of movement.\"},{\"question\":\"Which receptor types are highlighted as key candidates for limb, trunk, and neck proprioception?\",\"answer\":\"The review emphasizes stretch receptors in muscle, tendon, and skin, including muscle spindles for movement and position perception and Golgi tendon organs for force signaling; it also notes contributions from cutaneous and joint-related receptors.\"}]","Proprioception: clinical relevance and neurophysiology - Review | PDF",1788611230,43,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":29},"proprioception-clinical-relevance-and-neurophysiology-review","",{"@graph":37,"@context":86},[38,54,69],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,48,51],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/proprioception-clinical-relevance-and-neurophysiology-review/209242/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":42,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-11","2026-09-05",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"What is the clinical and scientific focus of this review on proprioception?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"The review targets clinicians, therapists, and researchers by connecting proprioception’s neurophysiological basis to kinesthesia and movement control, and by covering clinical relevance, deficits, and assessment.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"How do proprioceptors contribute to conscious sensation and subconscious control?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"Proprioception is described as having both conscious and subconscious components, where the subconscious side mediates reflexive movements while kinesthesia reflects the conscious perception of movement.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"Which receptor types are highlighted as key candidates for limb, trunk, and neck proprioception?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"The review emphasizes stretch receptors in muscle, tendon, and skin, including muscle spindles for movement and position perception and Golgi tendon organs for force signaling; 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