[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-434190-105":59,"doc-detail-434190-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","prolotherapy-for-temporomandibular-joint-disorders-an-updated-comprehensive-review","Prolotherapy for Temporomandibular Joint Disorders - An Updated Comprehensive Review","","Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) include multifactorial pain, joint noises, and limited mandibular motion. Prolotherapy, delivered via intra-articular or periarticular injection of proliferative agents such as hypertonic dextrose or polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN), is increasingly investigated as a regenerative option for refractory TMDs. This review integrates clinical and experimental evidence, explaining mechanisms involving fibroblast activation, collagen synthesis, and ligamentous stabilization, with reports of reduced pain, improved mouth opening, minimal transient adverse events, and limited but suggestive imaging remodeling evidence. Further controlled studies are required.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/prolotherapy-for-temporomandibular-joint-disorders-an-updated-comprehensive-review/434190/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/prolotherapy-for-temporomandibular-joint-disorders-an-updated-comprehensive-review/434190.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jake","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-07","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What are temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) characterized by?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"TMDs involve multifactorial conditions typically marked by pain, joint noises, and restricted mandibular motion.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does prolotherapy work in TMJ disorders?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Prolotherapy triggers a controlled localized inflammatory/proliferative response that activates fibroblasts, promotes collagen turnover, and improves mechanical integrity of capsular and ligamentous tissues.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which proliferiant agents are emphasized, and what outcomes are reported?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Hypertonic dextrose is the most validated, while PDRN shows comparable efficacy with less discomfort and shorter intervals. Clinical evidence reports reduced pain and increased maximum mouth opening, with minimal and transient adverse events and preliminary imaging support for subchondral bone remodeling.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},434190,1791296370,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46,"preview_page_count":4},962084928904,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","REVIEW ARTICLE  \n[https://doi.org/10.5125/jkaoms.2025.51.6.354](https://doi.org/10.5125/jkaoms.2025.51.6.354)[ ](https://doi.org/10.5125/jkaoms.2025.51.6.354)pISSN 2234-7550 · eISSN 2234-5930  \nProlotherapy for temporomandibular joint disorders: an updated comprehensive review  \nYesel Kim1 , Min-Joong Kim2 , Pil-Young Yun3,4 , Jeong-Kui Ku3  \n1Electronic Claims Review Division, Claims Review Standards Department, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, Wonju, 2Department of Dentistry, Armed Forces Guri Hospital, Armed Forces Medical Command, Guri, 3Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 4Department of Dentistry and Dental Research  \nInstitute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea  \nAbstract (J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2025;51:354-361)  \nTemporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) comprise multifactorial conditions involving pain, joint noises, and restricted mandibular motion. Prolotherapy, involving intra-articular or periarticular injection of proliferative agents such as hypertonic dextrose or polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN), has recently gained attention as a regenerative therapy for refractory TMDs. This review summarizes current evidence and biological mechanisms underlying prolotherapy in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. Literature searches identified clinical and experimental studies evaluating efficacy, safety, and treatment protocols. Prolotherapy promotes fibroblast activation, collagen synthesis, and ligamentous stabilization. Dextrose remains the most validated proliferant, while PDRN provides comparable efficacy with less discomfort and shorter treatment intervals. Clinical data consistently show reduced pain and improved maximum mouth opening across chronic and degenerative TMJ cases, with preliminary imaging evidence of subchondral bone remodeling. Reported adverse events are minimal and transient. Prolotherapy appears to be a regenerative approach that may be regarded as oneof the conservative treatment modalities for TMDs. Further controlled studies are needed to validate its long-term clinical and structural outcomes.  \nKey words: Temporomandibular joint disorders, Prolotherapy, Dextrose, Polydeoxyribonucleotides, Biological therapy  \n[paper submitted 2025. 10. 13 / revised 2025. 12. 2 / accepted 2025. 12. 9]  \nI. Introduction  \nTemporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) represent abroad spectrum of musculoskeletal and articular conditions involving the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and its associated structures, typically characterized by pain, joint sounds, and limited mandibular motion1. The etiology of TMDs is multifactorial, incorporating structural, functional, and psychosocial components such as occlusal disharmony, trauma, parafunctional habits, systemic inflammation, and psychological stress2 . Conventional management primarily aims  \nJeong-Kui Ku  \nDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil, Bundanggu, Seongnam 13620, Korea  \nTEL: +82-31-787-2780  \n[E-mail: kujk@snubh.org](E-mail: kujk@snubh.org)  \nORCID: [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1192-7066](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1192-7066)  \nCC This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ([http://creativecommons.org/](http://creativecommons.org/)[ ](http://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by-nc/4.0/](licenses/by-nc/4.0/)), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \n© 2025 The Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.  \nat symptom control and restoration of mandibular function. First-line therapy typically consists of self-care education, splint therapy, physiotherapy, and pharmacologic agents such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or muscle rela","cbCaieGrTGgCvGnG","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieGrTGgCvGnG","pdf",529251,"English","# Introduction\n## Mechanisms of Action and Proliferant Agents of Prolotherapy in the TMJ","[{\"question\":\"What are temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) characterized by?\",\"answer\":\"TMDs involve multifactorial conditions typically marked by pain, joint noises, and restricted mandibular motion.\"},{\"question\":\"How does prolotherapy work in TMJ disorders?\",\"answer\":\"Prolotherapy triggers a controlled localized inflammatory/proliferative response that activates fibroblasts, promotes collagen turnover, and improves mechanical integrity of capsular and ligamentous tissues.\"},{\"question\":\"Which proliferiant agents are emphasized, and what outcomes are reported?\",\"answer\":\"Hypertonic dextrose is the most validated, while PDRN shows comparable efficacy with less discomfort and shorter intervals. Clinical evidence reports reduced pain and increased maximum mouth opening, with minimal and transient adverse events and preliminary imaging support for subchondral bone remodeling.\"}]","Prolotherapy for Temporomandibular Joint Disorders - An Updated Comprehensive Review | PDF",1790667583]