[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-328706-105":59,"doc-detail-328706-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","proliferating-cell-nuclear-antigen-in-the-era-of-oncolytic-virotherapy","Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen in the Era of Oncolytic Virotherapy","","Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a central accessory protein of DNA repair and replication, functioning as a sliding-clamp protein that encircles DNA and provides a mobile docking platform for interacting factors. PCNA is ubiquitous in cells, and nuclear PCNA supports replication, repair, cell-cycle control, and apoptosis in proliferating contexts. It also contributes to viral infectivity, including herpes simplex viruses. More recently, cytoplasmic PCNA in immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages links to pro-inflammatory signaling, while surface expression on cancer cells may support immune evasion and cancer virulence. As oncolytic viruses emerge as cancer therapeutics, this review considers PCNA roles across healthy, cancerous, and immune cells to clarify how PCNA-targeted strategies and oncolytic virotherapy may intersect.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/proliferating-cell-nuclear-antigen-in-the-era-of-oncolytic-virotherapy/328706/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/proliferating-cell-nuclear-antigen-in-the-era-of-oncolytic-virotherapy/328706.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Theodore","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is PCNA and what roles does it perform in cells?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"PCNA is an accessory protein of DNA repair and replication. It acts as a sliding clamp that encircles DNA and serves as a mobile docking platform, supporting DNA replication and repair, cell-cycle control, and apoptosis in proliferating cells.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does PCNA relate to viruses and immune responses?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"PCNA is involved in infectivity for some viruses, such as herpes simplex viruses. It is also found in the cytoplasm of immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages, where it is linked to development of a pro-inflammatory state.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How might PCNA targeted therapy interact with oncolytic virotherapy?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review frames PCNA as a potential interaction point between PCNA-targeted approaches and oncolytic virotherapy. It considers PCNA roles in healthy, virally infected, immune, and cancerous cells to inform how these therapies may intersect.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},328706,1790196610,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},7971461740886,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","viruses   \nReview  \nProliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen in the Era of Oncolytic Virotherapy  \nAmy Kwan, India Mcdermott-Brown and Munitta Muthana *  \nCitation: Kwan, A.; McdermottBrown, I.; Muthana, M. Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen in the Era of Oncolytic Virotherapy. Viruses 2024, 16, 1264. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)v16081264  \nAcademic Editor: Giuseppe Portella  \nReceived: 10 June 2024  \nRevised: 1 July 2024  \nAccepted: 22 July 2024  \nPublished: 7 August 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nMedical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; amy.kwan@nhs.net (A.K.)  \n* [Correspondence: m.muthana@sheffield.ac.uk](Correspondence: m.muthana@sheffield.ac.uk)  \nAbstract: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a well-documented accessory protein of DNA repair and replication. It belongs to the sliding clamp family of proteins that encircle DNA and acts as a mobile docking platform for interacting proteins to mount and perform their metabolic tasks. PCNA presence is ubiquitous to all cells, and when located in the nucleus it plays a role in DNA replication and repair, cell cycle control and apoptosis in proliferating cells. It also plays a crucial role in the infectivity of some viruses, such as herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) . However, more recently it has been found in the cytoplasm of immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages where it has been shown to be involved in the development of a pro-inflammatory state. PCNA is also expressed on the surface of certain cancer cells and can play a role in preventing immune cells from killing tumours, as well as being associated with cancer virulence. Given the growing interest in oncolytic viruses (OVs) as a novel cancer therapeutic, this review considers the role of PCNA in healthy, cancerous, and immune cells to gain an understanding of how PCNA targeted therapy and oncolytic virotherapy may interact in the future.  \nKeywords: PCNA; oncolytic virotherapy; cancer; immune cells  \n1. Introduction  \nPCNA is a well-documented accessory protein of DNA repair, replication, and recombination [1] . It belongs to the sliding clamp family of proteins, which are toroidal shaped, six-domain processivity factors that encircle DNA and act as a mobile docking platform for interacting proteins to mount and perform metabolic tasks [2,3] . This function, within healthy proliferating cells, is highly documented and understood. However, its function within diseased cells, whether cancerous or virally infected, has led to an increased interest in PCNA over the recent years. Given its role in DNA repair, the relationship with PCNA and cancer cells is thought to play a key role in both carcinogenesis and subsequent cancer growth and metastases. Although PCNA is present in all cells, it exists as three main subtypes, with differences in the quantity of expression in cancer cells [4] . Indeed, PCNA demonstrates similar post-translational modifications between normal and cancer cells, with the only significant difference being that the protein level of PCNA is several-fold higher in cancer cells [4] . Malkas and colleagues have documented a cancer-specific isoform of PCNA in breast cancer cells that interacts with DNA polymerase δ [5] They have developed a polyclonal antibody specific to this isoform, and they suggest this antibody may serve as a biomarker of breast cancer through histological staining. However, further investigations are required to fully test the sensitivity of this antibody with commercially available PCNA antibodies [4] and determine which cell types within the tissue exp","cbCain1AnmyqfWSK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCain1AnmyqfWSK","pdf",1316321,15,"English","# Introduction\n# The Structure of PCNA","[{\"question\":\"What is PCNA and what roles does it perform in cells?\",\"answer\":\"PCNA is an accessory protein of DNA repair and replication. It acts as a sliding clamp that encircles DNA and serves as a mobile docking platform, supporting DNA replication and repair, cell-cycle control, and apoptosis in proliferating cells.\"},{\"question\":\"How does PCNA relate to viruses and immune responses?\",\"answer\":\"PCNA is involved in infectivity for some viruses, such as herpes simplex viruses. It is also found in the cytoplasm of immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages, where it is linked to development of a pro-inflammatory state.\"},{\"question\":\"How might PCNA targeted therapy interact with oncolytic virotherapy?\",\"answer\":\"The review frames PCNA as a potential interaction point between PCNA-targeted approaches and oncolytic virotherapy. It considers PCNA roles in healthy, virally infected, immune, and cancerous cells to inform how these therapies may intersect.\"}]","Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen in the Era of Oncolytic Virotherapy | PDF",1789980646,38]