[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-665175-105":59,"doc-detail-665175-en":129},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":122,"head_meta":124,"extra_data":126,"updated_unix":128},105,"en","project-management-and-the-design-of-shaft-sinking-projects","Project management,and the design of shaft-sinking projects","","Project management and the design of shaft-sinking projects are examined in response to accelerating change driven by technology, communication, and political thought. The document addresses persistent cost and time overruns in traditional shaft-sinking practices and explains why a structured, advanced project-management approach can improve success. It traces historical management styles, highlights pressures from economic constraints and turbulent competitive environments, and references PMI definitions to frame projects as undertakings with defined objectives and to direct resources toward scope, quality, time, cost, and satisfaction outcomes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/project-management-and-the-design-of-shaft-sinking-projects/665175/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/project-management-and-the-design-of-shaft-sinking-projects/665175.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"moss~","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"Why does the document argue that shaft-sinking projects need project management rather than traditional operational techniques?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"Traditional operational techniques have often led to large cost and time overruns. The document argues project management creates a more suitable, flexible, goal-oriented environment for directing work toward defined objectives.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"What historical management characteristics of shaft-sinking does the document describe?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"It describes dictatorial, command-and-control management styles, strong in-house expertise guarded within mining houses, premium-paid crews, and limited consideration of shaft sinking as more than a supporting operational function.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"How does the document define a project and project management?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"It cites the Project Management Institute’s definition of a project as an undertaking with a defined starting point and objective where completion is identified. It also defines project management as directing and coordinating human and material resources through the project life cycle using techniques to achieve predetermined scope, quality, time, cost, and participant satisfaction.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},665175,1793292095,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":128,"read_time":143},962090895452,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","# Project management,and the designof shaft-sinking projects\n\nby H.W.Read*and L.G.D.Napier  \n## Synopsis\n\nIntroduction  \nChange is endemic in oursociety.Future changewill be accelerated by anexplosion in technology,communication,andpolitical thought.Tomeet these challenges,rapid structural changeshave been taking placein mining organizationsboth here and abroad.The management ofshaft-sinking projects isa case in point.Shaftsinking is a seminalelement in the sustainedwell-being ofa deep-level mining venture.Itsaccomplishment isfraught with risk,involves a high level ofcapital expenditure,andis a precursor to profit-able mining investment.The purpose of thispaper is to present aconcise and practicalpicture of the conceptsmethods,and techniquesof professional projectmanagement as appliedto shaft-sinking projects.  \nTraditionally,shaft-sinking projects have beenmanaged by conventional operationaltechniques,and have often involved large costand time overruns.This paper proposes that theproject-management system has a better chanceof success.The characteristics,techniques,andapplication of project management are examined.Experience gained on numerous shaft-sinkingprojects has increased confidence in the efficacyof the project-management concept.  \nShaft sinking in South Africa is as old as themining industry itself¹.For over one hundredyears,mining houses have been involved in thesinking of shafts.Each mining house developedexpertise and skills of its own that werejealously guarded and protected.Shaft-sinkingcrews were paid premium salaries and acquired acertain amount of exclusivity.They exploited thearcane nature of the profession to gainsomewhat of a prima donna status.Theirmanagement styles were dictatorial and basedon the command-and-control principle.  \nIn boom times this was acceptable but,whenthe economic pinch came,corporate managementlooked at alternative methods of sinking theirshafts.A specialist contracting industry began toevolve,firstly from within the various mininghouses and under their financial and managerialcontrol,but later on these companies acquiredindependence,although there are still somenotable exceptions.However,in spite of thegrowing competition among the contractingcompanies,cost and time overruns persisted.Mining houses continued to develop designexpertise,but management systems were sadlyneglected.Shaft sinking was often relegated to aminor role,being treated as an adjunct to theoperational management function.  \n*Read Swatman&Voigt(Pty)Ltd ConsultingEngineers and ProjectManagers,P.O.Box62532,Marshalltown2107.  \nt Johannesburg  \nThe increasing economic pressure in theindustry virtually forced a new approach to themanagement of shaft-sinking operations.Various forms of organizational structure were,and still are being,experimented with.Thepartial project-management systems implement-ed by some mining houses were less thansuccessful.  \nConsolidated Investment  \nCompany,Limited.  \nP.O.Box 590,  \nJohannesburg 2000.  \n◎ The South AfricanInstitute of Mining andMetallurgy,1994.SAISSN0038-223X/3.00+  \n0.00.Paper receivedNov.1993;revised paperreceived Mar.1994.  \nAstute corporate executives,under constantpressure of changing and challenging economicconstraints,are re-evaluating their missionstatements,and in many cases are becomingmore sharply focused in what their businessactivity should be.'What are we actuallyrequired to produce?'is the question that isbeing asked.Activities that are not in the mainstream are being pruned and,under the severestrain of capital budgeting requirements,theyhave started looking for better and more cost-effective ways of creating and expanding theirproduction facilities.  \nIn addition,organizations now operate in anenvironment that is even more turbulent thanbefore.The growing demands of internationalcompetition,increasingly sophisticatedcustomers,unprecedented short lead times,anduncertainty in the environment require levels ofperformance,adaptability,flexibility,and speedof inno","cbCaim8F1qR7yodm","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaim8F1qR7yodm","pdf",2681697,25,"English","# Synopsis\n## Introduction\n## Traditional approaches and limitations\n## Economic pressure and organizational change\n## Definitions and principles of project management","[{\"question\":\"Why does the document argue that shaft-sinking projects need project management rather than traditional operational techniques?\",\"answer\":\"Traditional operational techniques have often led to large cost and time overruns. The document argues project management creates a more suitable, flexible, goal-oriented environment for directing work toward defined objectives.\"},{\"question\":\"What historical management characteristics of shaft-sinking does the document describe?\",\"answer\":\"It describes dictatorial, command-and-control management styles, strong in-house expertise guarded within mining houses, premium-paid crews, and limited consideration of shaft sinking as more than a supporting operational function.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the document define a project and project management?\",\"answer\":\"It cites the Project Management Institute’s definition of a project as an undertaking with a defined starting point and objective where completion is identified. It also defines project management as directing and coordinating human and material resources through the project life cycle using techniques to achieve predetermined scope, quality, time, cost, and participant satisfaction.\"}]","Project management,and the design of shaft-sinking projects | PDF",63]