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While initial therapies have advanced, no established effective treatment exists for advanced NEN. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) show strong activity in several solid cancers, yet benefit across most NEN subtypes remains limited. This review summarizes clinical progress, highlighting PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor applications, potential responsive populations, and the value of immunotherapy in digestive-system NEN management.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/progress-in-immunotherapy-for-neuroendocrine-neoplasm-of-the-digestive-system-minireviews/382607/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/progress-in-immunotherapy-for-neuroendocrine-neoplasm-of-the-digestive-system-minireviews/382607.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Maya Linwood","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why are immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) being studied for digestive system NENs?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"ICIs have shown superior efficacy in several solid tumors and may offer a promising direction for NEN therapy due to their anti-tumor mechanisms and acceptable safety profile, even though most NEN types still show limited benefit.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What is the main purpose of the review?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review provides a comprehensive summary of clinical progress in immunotherapy for digestive-system NENs, with emphasis on PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor use, including discussion of potential beneficiary populations and the role of immunotherapy in management.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What explains the limited role of ICIs across most NENs?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review notes heterogeneous efficacy of ICIs depending on NEN grade, differentiation, and primary organ, indicating different clinical outcomes across subgroups.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},382607,1790372178,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962084928432,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","| W | J | G | World Journal of\u003Cbr>Gastroenterology |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\nSubmit a Manuscript: [https://www.f6publishing.com](https://www.f6publishing.com) World J Gastroenterol 2023 July 14; 29(26): 4174-4185  \nDOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i26.4174 ISSN 1007-9327 (print) ISSN 2219-2840 (online)  \nMINIREVIEWS  \nProgress in immunotherapy for neuroendocrine neoplasm of the digestive system  \nWei-Xuan Pan, Xin-Mu Zhang, Shao-Long Hao, Wei Han  \nSpecialty type: Oncology  \nProvenance and peer review:  \nUnsolicited article; Externally peer reviewed.  \nPeer-review model: Single blind  \nPeer-review report’s scientific quality classification  \nGrade A (Excellent): 0  \nGrade B (Very good): B, B  \nGrade C (Good): 0  \nGrade D (Fair): 0  \nGrade E (Poor): 0  \nP-Reviewer: Forns X, Spain; Klapper W, Germany  \nReceived: May 4, 2023  \nPeer-review started: May 4, 2023  \nFirst decision: May 19, 2023  \nRevised: May 29, 2023  \nAccepted: June 13, 2023  \nArticle in press: June 13, 2023  \nPublished online: July 14, 2023  \nWei-Xuan Pan, Shao-Long Hao, Wei Han, Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China  \nXin-Mu Zhang, Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China  \nCorresponding author: Wei Han, MD, Chief Doctor, Director, Professor, Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 28 South Xinhua Road, Tongzhou District, Beijing 101100, [China.](China. dr-han1972@mail.ccmu.edu.cn)[ dr-han1972@mail.ccmu.edu.cn](China. dr-han1972@mail.ccmu.edu.cn)  \nAbstract  \nNeuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rare heterogeneous tumors that can develop in almost any organ, with the digestive organs, including the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas being the most commonly affected sites. Despite the fact that advances in initial therapies have progressed, there is presently no recognized effective treatment for advanced NEN. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown superior efficacy in treating several types of solid tumors. Despite their successful role in the treatment of partial NENs, such as small cell lung cancer, and Merkel cell carcinoma, the role of ICIs in most of the NENs remains limited. Nevertheless, due to their specific anti-tumor mechanisms and acceptable safety profile, ICIs are a promising avenue for further study in NENs therapy. Recent clinical trials have illustrated that combination therapy with ICI is more efficient than monotherapy, and multiple clinical trials are constantly ongoing to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these combination therapies. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the clinical progress of immunotherapy in NENs affecting the digestive system, with a specific emphasis on the application of programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death receptor ligand 1 inhibitor. Furthermore, this review has an exploration of the potential beneficiary population and the inherent value of utilizing immunotherapy in the management of NENs.  \nKey Words: Immunotherapy; PD-1 inhibitor; Neuroendocrine neoplasm; Neuroendocrine tumor; Neuroendocrine carcinoma; Gastrointestinal; Pancreatic  \n©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.  \n WJG  [https://www.wjgnet.com](https://www.wjgnet.com) 4174 July 14, 2023  Volume 29  Issue 26   \nPan WX et al. Immunotherapy for the digestive system's NEN  \nCore Tip: The application of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) in neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) is regulated by the latest clinical practice guidelines. However, immunotherapy has achieved some breakthroughs for high-grade or advanced NENsof the digestive system, for which there is currently no effective drug therapy. In this regard, we investigated the causes of the heterogeneous efficacy of ICI in NEN wi","cbCaibybwLtx3fND","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibybwLtx3fND","pdf",477653,13,"English","# Abstract\n# Core Tip\n# Background and Etiology\n## Hereditary Neoplastic Syndromes\n# Tumor Types and Classification","[{\"question\":\"Why are immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) being studied for digestive system NENs?\",\"answer\":\"ICIs have shown superior efficacy in several solid tumors and may offer a promising direction for NEN therapy due to their anti-tumor mechanisms and acceptable safety profile, even though most NEN types still show limited benefit.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review provides a comprehensive summary of clinical progress in immunotherapy for digestive-system NENs, with emphasis on PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor use, including discussion of potential beneficiary populations and the role of immunotherapy in management.\"},{\"question\":\"What explains the limited role of ICIs across most NENs?\",\"answer\":\"The review notes heterogeneous efficacy of ICIs depending on NEN grade, differentiation, and primary organ, indicating different clinical outcomes across subgroups.\"}]","Progress in immunotherapy for neuroendocrine neoplasm of the digestive system - Minireviews | PDF",1790251317,33]