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This study evaluates the prognostic significance of persistent haematuria in lupus nephritis (LN). Methods. 178 LN patients were followed regularly from December 2016 to September 2022, starting at LN diagnosis and continuing until the latest visit or endpoint onset. Clinical and laboratory data and outcomes were monitored and analysed. Results. Persistent haematuria occurred in 66/178 (37.1%) patients and associated with higher disease activity and worse renal function and blood parameters. In time-dependent Cox models, persistent haematuria independently predicted composite endpoints with an adjusted hazard ratio of 3.40. Risk increased over time. Conclusions. Persistent haematuria independently predicts adverse outcomes, including all-cause mortality and progression to renal replacement therapy.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/prognostic-relevance-of-persistent-haematuria-in-patients-with-lupus-nephritis/443975/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/prognostic-relevance-of-persistent-haematuria-in-patients-with-lupus-nephritis/443975.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Sarah ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-02","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What did the study assess regarding persistent haematuria in lupus nephritis?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study investigated the prognostic relevance of persistent haematuria in patients with lupus nephritis, including its relationship with clinical outcomes during follow-up.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were patients followed and how was persistent haematuria classified?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"A total of 178 lupus nephritis patients were followed regularly from December 2016 to September 2022, from diagnosis to the latest visit or endpoint onset, with haematuria presence tracked as initial and persistent versus absent/resolved.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Did persistent haematuria independently predict adverse outcomes?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Yes. Persistent haematuria independently predicted adverse outcomes in time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models, with a significant adjusted hazard ratio for composite clinical endpoints and increasing risk over time.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},443975,1790803607,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962085320529,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Clinical Kidney Journal, 2025, vol. 19, no. 1, sfaf348  \n[https:/doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaf348](https:/doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaf348)  \nAdvance Access Publication Date: 13 November 2025 Original Article  \nORIGINAL ARTICLE  \nPrognostic relevance of persistent haematuria inpatients with lupus nephritis  \nXuan Chen1 , Lin-Lin Li 1 , Na Li1 ,2 , Pei Wang1 and Hui-Xia Cao1 ,2  \n1 Department of Nephrology, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China and 2 Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Zhengzhou, China  \nCorrespondence to: Hui-Xia Cao; [E-mail:](E-mail: huixiacaostudy@163.com)[ huixiacaostudy@163.com](E-mail: huixiacaostudy@163.com)  \nABSTRACT  \nBackground. This study aimed to investigate the significance of persistent haematuria in lupus nephritis (LN) .  \nMethods. A total of 178 patients with LN were enrolled and regularly followed up from December 2016 to September 2022. Follow-up duration was from LN diagnosis to the patient’s latest visit or terminated at the onset of endpoint events if they occurred. Their clinical and laboratory data as well as outcomes were monitored and analysed from the enrolment point until the final visit.  \nResults. A total of 138 of 178 (77.5%) patients with LN presented with haematuria at the initial diagnosis. During follow-up, 34 patients (19.1%) had no haematuria, 72 (40.4%) patients initially diagnosed but later resolved and 66 (37.1%) exhibited persistent haematuria. Furthermore, patients with persistent haematuria showed higher Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index scores (12.3 ± 2.9 versus 10.7 ± 3.6; P = .002), lower haemoglobin (92.7 ± 25.4 g/l versus 102.0 ± 21.1; P = .010), albumin (24.9 ± 6.8 g/l versus 27.5 ± 7.6; P = .024) and decreased C3 {median 0.4 g/l [interquartile range (IQR) 0.3–0.5]} versus 0.5 [0.3–0.6]; P = .009} and C4 [median 0.1 g/l (IQR 0.0–0.1) versus 0.1 (0–0.1); P = .012] and elevated blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine [median 8.9 mmol/l (IQR 6.7–14.8) versus 5.7 (4.4–8.8) and median 90.0 μmol/l (IQR 64.5–132.3) versus 62.0 (48.0–80.0); all P \u003C .001, respectively] compared with those without persistent haematuria (n = 106) . In time-dependent Cox proportional hazards regression models, persistent haematuria exhibited a significant overall time-averaged effect on composite clinical endpoints, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 3.40 (95% CI 1.06–10.90; P = .039) . Notably, this risk effect was not fixed but showed an increasing trend over time—at  \n1 months of follow-up, the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with persistent haematuria had increased to 10.37-fold. Conclusions. Almost 37.1% of patients exhibited persistent haematuria in LN. Furthermore, persistent haematuria independently predicted adverse outcomes, with significantly higher risks for all-cause mortality and progression to renal replacement therapy.  \nReceived: 10.6.2025; accepted: 15.10.2025  \n© The Author(s) 2025 . Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the ERA. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \n1  \nGRAPHICAL ABSTRACT  \nPrognostic relevance of persistent haematuriain patients with lupus nephritis  \n\n| Significance of persistent haematuria in patients with lupus nephritis after remission is unclear |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | | Methods\u003Cbr>New clinical diagnosis of lupus nephritis (n = 178)\u003Cbr>Presence/absence of\u003Cbr>hematuria (initial/persistent)\u003Cbr>Outcome:\u003Cbr>Death or ESKD or Doubling of creatinine | Results\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>Initial hematuria\u003Cbr> 138 (77.5%)\u003Cbr>40 (22.5%)\u003Cbr>Persistent survival\u003Cbr>1007550250\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>With hematuria Without hematuria\u003Cbr>0 20 40 60 80 100\u003Cbr>Follow-up(month)\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>Persi","cbCaitvBSmE4Ld76","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitvBSmE4Ld76","pdf",881314,11,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusions\n# Introduction\n# Key Learning Points","[{\"question\":\"What did the study assess regarding persistent haematuria in lupus nephritis?\",\"answer\":\"The study investigated the prognostic relevance of persistent haematuria in patients with lupus nephritis, including its relationship with clinical outcomes during follow-up.\"},{\"question\":\"How were patients followed and how was persistent haematuria classified?\",\"answer\":\"A total of 178 lupus nephritis patients were followed regularly from December 2016 to September 2022, from diagnosis to the latest visit or endpoint onset, with haematuria presence tracked as initial and persistent versus absent/resolved.\"},{\"question\":\"Did persistent haematuria independently predict adverse outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"Yes. Persistent haematuria independently predicted adverse outcomes in time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models, with a significant adjusted hazard ratio for composite clinical endpoints and increasing risk over time.\"}]","Prognostic relevance of persistent haematuria in patients with lupus nephritis | PDF",1790706269,28]