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Reviews foundational frameworks linking playfulness to intrinsic motivation, autonomy orientations, leisure motivation, and self-as-entertainment, then outlines how playfulness is assessed alongside big-five personality dimensions.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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A. Barnett  \nResearch about playfulness in adults has viewed it as something that emanates from personality and other individualized characteristics, and therefore many previous studies adopted a trait approach to predict playfulness, largely ignoring gender differences. The author conducted a facet-level analysis of the so-called big-five personality predictors and of four humor-related attributes and analyzed whether playfulness should be considered individually or compositely. She generated hypotheses from the extant literature and surveyed hundreds of undergraduates to discover characteristics distinctly different between the playfulness of young adult men and women. Key words:  \nadult playfulness; gender and play; personality and play  \nPersonality and Humor-Related Attributes As comprehensive efforts to define play became fraught with frustration and eventually, or so some would argue, proved futile (cf. Gray 2015;  \nSutton-Smith 1997), attention began to focus on the player. Various lines of research heralded individual differences in characteristics strongly related to playful qualities. For example, Csikszentmihalyi (1975), in his classic studies describing flow experiences, recognized that what appeared to be personality differences could account for the degrees of enjoyment and engagement experienced within the same activities he observed—and across different ones. Csikszentmihalyi (1990) also hypothesized the existence of an autotelic personality trait to describe individuals who find interest and enjoyment in almost everything they do, and he depicted these individuals as apparently able to create enjoyable experiences in the most sterile circumstances. In a different line of research, Deci and Ryan (1985, 2002; Ryan and Deci 2000) posited that indi-  \n308  \nAmerican Journal of Play, volume 11, number 3 © The Strong Contact Lynn A. Barnett at [lynnbm@illinois.edu](lynnbm@illinois.edu)  \nviduals differ in the degree to which they desire and seek intrinsic rewards and that personality differences, in conjunction with situational factors, explain the motivation behind such behavior. They identified these individual differences in the intrinsic motivation behind diverse activities calling them various autonomy orientations. Weissinger and her colleagues (Weissinger 1985; Weissinger and Bandalos 1995; Weissinger and Iso-Ahola 1984) hypothesized the presence of an intrinsic leisure motivation reflective of various individual desires for internal rewards in leisure pursuits (Weissinger and Bandalos 1995) . Mannell (1984) postulated a self-as-entertainment construct and described it as “individual differences in the capacity/ability to fill one’s free or discretionary time with activity that is perceived by the individual as personally satisfying and meaningful”(1) . Although these conceptions differ in nomenclature and constitution, they hold that individuals vary in their volitional pursuit of enjoyment and its internal rewards, and they emphasize the disposition of players rather than the detached properties of their physical surrounds. To capture these characteristic differences, the term “playfulness” evolved and was defined as “a tendency to approach activities in a non-serious manner for one’s own enjoyment”(Glynn and Webster 1992, 85),“the predisposition to frame (or reframe) a situation in such a way as to provide oneself (and possibly others) with amusement, humor, and/or entertainment”(Barnett 2007, 955), and “an inclination to pursue activities with the goal of amusement or fun, with an enthusiastic and in-the-moment attitude”(Van Vleet and Feeney 2015, 637) .  \nAs the focus of attention shifted from play to playfulness, scholars began to assess playfulness in its own right. Scales were generated, at first replicating and updating extant measures of playfulness in children (Barnett 1990, 1991a; Lieberman 1977) . As ","cbCaievV6c8YtnMX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaievV6c8YtnMX","pdf",459810,43,"English","# Personality and Humor-Related Attributes\n## Background: shifts from play to playfulness\n## Foundations in personality, motivation, and leisure\n## Definitions and measurement of playfulness\n## Playfulness and personality (Big Five)","[{\"question\":\"Why does the study treat adult playfulness as linked to personality traits?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that adult playfulness emerges from personality and individualized characteristics, so prior trait-based approaches can be extended while incorporating humor-related attributes.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the research address gender differences in playfulness?\",\"answer\":\"It generates hypotheses from prior literature and compares characteristics that distinctly differ between young adult men and women using survey data from hundreds of undergraduates.\"},{\"question\":\"What personality framework is used to relate to playfulness?\",\"answer\":\"The research focuses on the “big five” traits—neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness—and discusses their predictive relations to adult playfulness measures.\"}]","Profiles of Playful Men and Playful Women - Personality and Humor-Related Attributes | PDF",1792072906,108]