[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-142534-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-142534-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","process-of-determining-depth-j-c-campbell","Process of determining Depth - J. C. Campbell","","Introduces an approach to estimate the depth of rock walls, crevasses, and similar features when direct measurement is impossible, using timing rather than accessible pools. It explains the limitations of dropping a stone and then proposes replacing it with a weighted “marroon” fitted with a detonating fuze. Depth is computed from the seconds between release and the audible report, with guidance on correcting timing errors and typical sources of inaccuracy, while largely neglecting air resistance for practical use.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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difficulties?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Exact instants are hard to identify when the stone becomes difficult to see or is concealed by spray during the final seconds near the bottom.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How does Campbell’s proposed method improve depth measurement?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"It replaces a falling stone with a weighted marroon that explodes on impact, allowing depth to be derived from the time between release and hearing the report.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How is timing accuracy handled when calculating depth?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"A stopwatch is used and a small correction (about half a second) is subtracted to allow for the delay between hand movement, stopping the watch, and the observed eye/ear 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elevations.Suppose theformer to be carried over the latter and then further chilled,the rain falling through the colder air will be frozen in itspassage,and will reach the earth as hail.  \nSuggestions respecting the Process of determining Depth from anObservation of the Time taken by a Weight in its Descent ByJoEN R.CAMPBELL.  \nTHE common method of getting a rough notion of the height,or,perhaps more correctly speaking,depth of a wall of rock by timingthe descent of a stone is 8o old and well known that it would be wasteof time to enter into a long description of it.The process may beapplied to certain waterfalls where the pool into which the streamplunges is inaccessible to a climber,and which therefore cannot bemeasured by the aneroid;of such there are geveral examples inNorway.Probably,too,the depth of crevasBes might occasionally bearrived at in this way.Indeed,with all its liability to error,supposingthat error not to exceed what may be called a reasonable amountdepending on the circumstances of the case,since it is the only planthat can be adopted in some instances without going to great troubleand expense—especially by a traveller in a mountain country—it maybe fairly said to merit some consideration.The operation is notlimnited to the few cases in which a weight can be dropped vertically;the time occupied by the descent is the same if we can throw ithorizontally forward so as to fall clear of the rock.I ought also toobserve that the unavoidable error in the result is,as a rule,so greatas to warrant our neglecting the resistance of the air in the ealculation.  \nNow,when a stone of moderate size,such as one can easily throw,has to descend several hundred feet it becomes almost lost to view,andwhere it drops into the pool of a waterfall the spray may conceal itduring the last second or more of its course;in both cases,therefore,we have a difficulty in determining the exact instant of its reachingthe bottom.The question then arises,—Is it practicable to overcomethis difficulty by using some other kind of weight in place of a stone?  \nThe plan I am about to describe I would at once acknowledgepOBBeses little claim to originality;I doubt not it bears much resem-blance to more than one that have been tried at different times,althoughI have never seen an account of them.  \nMy idea,briefy expressed,is to substitute for a stone a weightedmarroon furnished with a detonating fuze that shall explode it on itsstriking the ground;and to compute the depth from the numher ofseconds elapsing between the instant of its being let go and that of thereport being heard.  \nFig.1 represents the arrangement complete,and fig.2(drawn to alarger scale)is a section of the fuze with its striker.▲is the marroon,  \nFig.1.  \nwhich in pyrotechnical language means a paper box welded round withkitted twine worked cros8Ways.This contains 3 oz.of powder and isweighted with a small plate of lead in the form of a cross,the ends of  \n# 4 Process of determining Depth.\n\nwhich are bent up so as to grip it tightly.The fuze B consists of atin tube some 4 inches long,into the lower end of which the neck aof the marroon is inserted when the instrument is made ready for useThe tube is divided by a plate dd (of which fig.3 is a plan)having apatch of fulminating powder p over its centre and pierced withBeveral holes.These holes serve as communications between the flashof the detonation on the upper side of the plate and the powder in themarroon,and ought to be primed with pieces of quick-match threadedthrough them as shown in fig.3.c is a deal rod 14 inches long andof slightly amaller diameter than the tube;it has a ring of lead rrround its lower end in order to increase its weight and steady it in thetube,and is itted with a‘striker's consisting of a pointed piece ofiron with an eye-hole through it(best seen in the side view,fig.4).A piece of silk thread stretched between tw","cbCaikkkZaxQDUMI","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikkkZaxQDUMI","pdf",437235,"English","# Suggestions respecting the Process of determining Depth\n## Limitations of the common stone-timing method\n## Proposed marroon with detonating fuze\n## Device arrangement and fuze action\n## Timing, corrections, and calculation of depth","[{\"question\":\"Why does the common method of timing a stone’s descent have measurement difficulties?\",\"answer\":\"Exact instants are hard to identify when the stone becomes difficult to see or is concealed by spray during the final seconds near the bottom.\"},{\"question\":\"How does Campbell’s proposed method improve depth measurement?\",\"answer\":\"It replaces a falling stone with a weighted marroon that explodes on impact, allowing depth to be derived from the time between release and hearing the report.\"},{\"question\":\"How is timing accuracy handled when calculating depth?\",\"answer\":\"A stopwatch is used and a small correction (about half a second) is subtracted to allow for the delay between hand movement, stopping the watch, and the observed eye/ear response.\"}]","Process of determining Depth - J. C. Campbell | PDF",1787682927]