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A cross-sectional sample of 309 patients was assessed with questionnaires, clinical records, and biochemical blood analysis, followed by ophthalmologic evaluation and logistic regression. DR prevalence reached 39.5%, and 17.6% had vision-threatening DR.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/prevalence-and-associated-factors-of-diabetic-retinopathy-in-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-patients-at-a-specialized-hospital-in-asmara-eritrea-a-cross-sectional-study/437972/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/prevalence-and-associated-factors-of-diabetic-retinopathy-in-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-patients-at-a-specialized-hospital-in-asmara-eritrea-a-cross-sectional-study/437972.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"pop out","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What was the study aim?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"To determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and identify associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending a specialized hospital in Asmara, Eritrea.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"How were DR cases assessed?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"Ophthalmologic evaluation was performed by eye specialists using ophthalmoscopy, with data gathered from structured questionnaires, clinical records, and biochemical analysis of blood samples.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"Which factors were significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"Reduced eGFR (\u003C60 mL/min/1.73m²), insulin use, and longer diabetes duration (>8 years) were significantly associated with DR; additional adjusted-model associations included abnormal waist circumference and C-reactive protein positivity.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},437972,1790716822,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962090760408,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","Wiley  \nJournal of Diabetes Research  \nVolume 2025, Article ID 5768546, 11 pages [https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/5768546](https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/5768546)  \nResearch Article  \nPrevalence and Associated Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at a Specialized Hospital in Asmara, Eritrea: A Cross-Sectional Study  \nOliver Okoth Achila , 1 Millen Ghebretinsae, 1 Abraham Kidane, 1 Michael Simon, 1 Shewit Makonen, 1 Yohannes Rezene, 1 Eyob Garoy, 1 Oluwafemi Adekunmi Ibrahim,2 Yonas Tesfagabr Abraham,3 Robel Habte,4 Habtemichael Mulugeta Teklemariam,5 and Samuel Tekle Mengistu 6  \n1Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Asmara College of Health Sciences (ACHS), Asmara, Eritrea  \n2Department of Ophthalmic Unit, Asmara College of Health Sciences (ACHS), Asmara, Eritrea  \n3Department of Internal Medicine, Orotta School of Medicine and Dentistry, Asmara, Eritrea  \n4Department of Community Medicine, Orotta School of Medicine and Dentistry, Asmara, Eritrea  \n5Department of Internal Medicine, Tessenay Hospital, Ministry of Health Gash Barka Branch, Tesseney, Eritrea  \n6Nakfa Hospital, Ministry of Health Northern Red Sea branch, Nakfa, Eritrea  \nCorrespondence should be addressed to Samuel Tekle Mengistu; [teklesam7@gmail.com](teklesam7@gmail.com)  \nReceived 14 August 2024; Revised 9 September 2025; Accepted 29 October 2025  \nAcademic Editor: Hannah Wesley  \nCopyright © 2025 Oliver Okoth Achila et al. Journal of Diabetes Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \nBackground: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a progressive microangiopathy affecting the retinal microvasculature and is a leading cause of preventable blindness in adults globally. Despite its significance, DR remains under-investigated in sub-Saharan Africa. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of DR and its associated factors in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients attending a specialized hospital in Asmara, Eritrea.  \nMethods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 309 T2DM patients from the diabetes follow-up clinic at Halibet Referral Hospital, Asmara. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, clinical records, and biochemical analysis of blood samples. Ophthalmologic evaluation for DR was performed by eye specialists using ophthalmoscopy. Statistical analysis, including logistic regression, was performed to identify factors associated with DR.  \nResults: The mean age of the participants was 57  8± 11  47 years, with an average disease duration of 12  14 ± 7  42 years. The prevalence of DR was 39.5%(95% CI: 34.03–44.9) . Among these, 17.6%(95% CI: 11–25.1) had vision-threatening DR. Factors significantly associated with DR included reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR \u003C 60mL/min/1 .73m2)(aOR = 1  84, 95% CI: 1.05–3.20; p =0  033), insulin use (aOR = 0  523, 95% CI: 0.295–0.93; p =0  039), and longer duration of diabetes (> 8 years) (aOR = 0  24, 95% CI: 0.006–0.935; p =0  040) . Other factors associated with DR in the adjusted model were abnormal waist circumference (aOR = 0  298, 95% CI: 0.11–0.83; p =0  021) and C-reactive protein positivity (aOR = 2  65, 95% CI: 1.05–6.66; p =0  039) .  \nConclusions: The prevalence of DR among T2DM patients in Eritrea is high. Longer disease duration, reduced eGFR, and insulin use were significantly associated with DR. Early detection and management of these risk factors may help mitigate the burden of DR in diabetic patients.  \n2 Journal of Diabetes Research  \n1. Introduction ease (CVD) risk [12] . Finally, it can also be regarded as a surrogate measure of how well a healthcare system is per  \nDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is a progressive microangiopathy forming with respect to the overall management of DM [7] .  \ninvolving the retinal microvasculature and is o","cbCaiktTTKCDJqZX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiktTTKCDJqZX","pdf",919794,11,"English","# Background\n# Methods\n## Study design and setting\n# Results\n# Conclusions","[{\"question\":\"What was the study aim?\",\"answer\":\"To determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and identify associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending a specialized hospital in Asmara, Eritrea.\"},{\"question\":\"How were DR cases assessed?\",\"answer\":\"Ophthalmologic evaluation was performed by eye specialists using ophthalmoscopy, with data gathered from structured questionnaires, clinical records, and biochemical analysis of blood samples.\"},{\"question\":\"Which factors were significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy?\",\"answer\":\"Reduced eGFR (\\u003c60 mL/min/1.73m²), insulin use, and longer diabetes duration (\\u003e8 years) were significantly associated with DR; additional adjusted-model associations included abnormal waist circumference and C-reactive protein positivity.\"}]","Prevalence and Associated Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at a Specialized Hospital in Asmara, Eritrea - A Cross-Sectional Study | PDF",1790683690,28]