[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-113540-en":3,"doc-seo-113540-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},113540,7971461741311,"Ophelia","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/74000253aff267980c6?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779345379180704826",8,"Research & Report","Preschool Availability and Women’s Employment - Evidence from Indonesia","Evaluate how public preschool expansion in Indonesia affects women’s labor supply and job quality-linked outcomes such as employment type, earnings, and hours. Using a triple difference design that exploits district-by-time preschool availability changes and preschool-age eligibility cutoffs in a panel spanning over 20 years, the study finds strong employment gains: each additional public preschool per 1,000 children raises women’s work participation by 9.1%. Effects mainly come from more unpaid family work, with no detectable impact on earnings or working hours.","Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized  \nAUTHOR ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT  \nFINAL PUBLICATION INFORMATION  \nPreschool Availability and Women’s Employment  \nEvidence from Indonesia  \nThe definitive version of the text was subsequently published in  \nEconomic Development and Cultural Change,(forthcoming 2022), 2021-04  \nPublished by The University of Chicago Press and found at [http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/714439](http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/714439)  \nTHE FINAL PUBLISHED VERSION OF THIS MANUSCRIPT IS AVAILABLE ON THE PUBLISHER’S PLATFORM  \nThis Author Accepted Manuscript is copyrighted by World Bank and published by The University of Chicago Press. It is posted here by agreement between them. Changes resulting from the publishing process—such as editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms—may not be reflected in this version of the text.  \nYou may download, copy, and distribute this Author Accepted Manuscript for noncommercial purposes. Your license is limited by the following restrictions:  \n(1) You may use this Author Accepted Manuscript for noncommercial purposes only under a CC BY-NC-ND  \n3.0 IGO license [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo).  \n(2) The integrity of the work and identification of the author, copyright owner, and publisher must be preserved in any copy.  \n(3) You must attribute this Author Accepted Manuscript in the following format: This is an Author Accepted Manuscript by Halim, Daniel; Johnson, Hillary C.; Perova, Elizaveta Preschool Availability and Women’s Employment © World Bank, published in the Economic Development and Cultural Change(forthcoming 2022) 2021-04 CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo) [http://](http://)[ ](http://)[dx.doi.org/10.1086/714439](dx.doi.org/10.1086/714439)  \n© 2021 World Bank  \nPreschool Availability and Women’s Employment:  \nEvidence from Indonesia*  \nDaniel Halim,\\#􀁧 Hillary C. Johnson\\#, Elizaveta Perova\\#  \nFebruary 10, 2021  \nAbstract  \nWhile a large body of literature has documented positive impacts of institutional childcare on maternal labor supply, thinner evidence is available on whether childcare can also nudge women into better jobs in developing countries. We evaluate the impact of public preschool expansion in Indonesia on women’s labor supply and characteristics linked to the quality of their employment, including employment types, earnings, and hours. We rely on a triple difference approach exploiting variations in preschool availability over time and across districts, as well as preschool-age-eligibility cutoffs, in a panel dataset spanning over 20 years. We find strong positive impacts on employment—an additional public preschool per 1,000 children in the district increases women’s work participation by 9.1 percent. However, it is primarily driven by an increase in unpaid family work, typically in household farms or businesses. We do not find impacts on earnings or hours of work. These findings are likely explained by the modality of preschools in Indonesia: operating for only 3 hours per day, they are unlikely to enable women to secure a paid job outside the home with longer time commitments.  \nKeywords: female labor force participation, preschool, Indonesia, maternal employment.  \nJEL codes: J13, J16, J22, O15, I24 .  \n* We thank Ririn Purnamasari, Jonathan Lain, Daim Syukriyah , Richard Akresh, Elizabeth Powers, Marieke Kleemans, Adam Osman, David Jaume, Markus Goldstein, Kathleen Beegle and the seminar participants at the NEUDC at Tufts University, National Team for the Acceleration of Poverty Reduction (TNP2K), IZA/World Bank/NJD/UNU-WIDER Jobs and Development Conference, and the National Bureau of Economic Research Summer Institute for many helpful discussions and suggestions. We also thank Joseph Marshan for excellent research assistance. 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