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The AMPI is designed as a pedagogical tool enabling advanced undergraduate students to administer and interpret personality tests with domains similar to the MMPI. Validity scales detect socially desirable responding (Virtuousness), indicators of feigned psychopathology or intense distress (Unlikeliness), and defensive responding denying unpleasant experiences (Guardedness). Results support internal consistency reliability and differentiation of genuine versus feigned deceptive responses, with guidance and a need for future research.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/preliminary-validity-scales-for-the-augsburg-multidimensional-personality-instrument-ampi/294116/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/preliminary-validity-scales-for-the-augsburg-multidimensional-personality-instrument-ampi/294116.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Chloe Bennett","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-28","2026-09-17",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",16,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the goal of the three preliminary validity scales in the AMPI?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"They are developed to augment the AMPI Clinical Scales by measuring response styles that can distort test results, specifically socially desirable responding, feigned distress/psychopathology, and defensive denial of unpleasant psychological experiences.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does the Virtuousness Scale relate to validity concerns?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"It measures socially desirable responding, helping detect when respondents present themselves in an overly favorable way that may distort AMPI results.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What do the Unlikeliness and Guardedness scales detect?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Unlikeliness detects responses that may indicate feigned psychopathology or intense distress, while Guardedness detects defensive response styles used to deny unpleasant psychological experiences.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},294116,1789675263,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962084925782,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","# Preliminary Validity Scales for the AusburgMultidimensional Personality Instrument(AMPI)\n\nWilliam E.Kelly*  \nRobert Morris University  \n*William E.Kelly;Department of Social Sciences;Robert Morris University;6001 UniversityBlvd;Moon Township,PA15108;kellyw@rmu.edu (e-mail).  \nABSTRACT -This article presents three studies describing the development of preliminaryvalidity scales to augment the Ausburg Multidimensional Personality Instrument (AMPI)ClinicalScales(Kelly,2012).The AMPI is a pedagogical tool to expose advanced undergraduate studentsto the process of administering and interpreting a personality test with domains similar to theMMPI.The validity scales presented in this article included measures to detect socially desirableresponding(Virtuousness Scale),responding in a way that might indicate feignedpsychopathology or intense distress(Unlikeliness Scale),and responding in a defensive mannerso as to deny unpleasant psychological experiences(Guardedness Scale).Preliminary evidencedemonstrated adequate intemal consistency reliability and the efficacy of the scales indifferentiating genuine versus feigned deceptive responsesCautions for use and the need forfuture research were discussed.  \nRecently,Kelly(2012)developed the Ausburg Multidimensional PersonalityInstrument (AMPI)“Clinical”Scales as a pedagogical tool for advanced undergraduatepsychology students.The intent was for students to be exposed to the process ofadministering and interpreting a personality inventory with domains similar to theMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI;Hathaway &McKinley,1943)andits subsequent revisions,the MMPI-2(Butcher,Dahlstrom,Graham,Tellegen,&Kaemmer,1989)and MMPI-2 Restructured Form (Tellegen &Ben-Porath,2008),butwithout the clinical implications.For simplicity,the term MMPI will be used throughoutthis article when referring to both the MMPI and its revisions.  \nA rationale for the development of the AMPI was presented previously(Kelly,2012).It should suffice here to state that there are potential ethical issues and limitations in theusefulness of training students not pursuing advanced psychology degrees to use theMMPI.For instance,the MMPI publisher,University of Minnesota Press(2011)indicates the test is only available to clinicians with doctoral level psychodiagnosticstraining.Hence,few individuals with only bachelor's degrees are likely to use the MMPIin their vocational pursuits.Nevertheless,there appear to be benefits to usingdemonstrative instruments to enhance undergraduate learming about psychological tests(Miserandino,2006).Thus,some type of MMPI-relevant instrument seemed needed forthis purpose without the ethical issues of less qualified individuals using a clinically validprotocol.Despite its lack of clinical utility,the AMPI was developed using actual data so  \nKelly/Individual Differences Research,2012,Vol.10,No.4,pp.182-192  \nstudents would see it perhaps as more useful and take the process more seriously.Basingthe instrument on real data also provides the ancillary benefit of potentially making theAMPI a viable research instrument as well.  \nNewly developed,the AMPI currently only has 10 “clinical”scales which wereintended to represent,not replace,the MMPI-2 clinical scales(Kelly,2012).Parenthetically,the word clinical is in quotation marks to indicate the lack of clinicalvalidity of the “clinical”scales.The word clinical was used to describe the scales simplyto be consistent with the MMPI.The AMPI\"clinical\"scales include:Somatization(preoccupation with bodily discomfort),Dysphoria(depression related symptoms),Hystericality(avoidance of responsibility,lack of insight,and desire to be liked),Psychodeviance(difficulties associated with disobedience and a lack of concem forothers),Feminine Interests(leisure interests and sensitivities associated with the femininegender role),Paranoia(suspiciousness of others),Anxiousness(anxious reactions tostressors),Schizotypic(unusual beliefs and perceptual experiences),H","cbCaifTXVZmvgtL6","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifTXVZmvgtL6","pdf",642890,11,"English","# Study 1: Virtuousness Scale (V)\n## Purpose","[{\"question\":\"What is the goal of the three preliminary validity scales in the AMPI?\",\"answer\":\"They are developed to augment the AMPI Clinical Scales by measuring response styles that can distort test results, specifically socially desirable responding, feigned distress/psychopathology, and defensive denial of unpleasant psychological experiences.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the Virtuousness Scale relate to validity concerns?\",\"answer\":\"It measures socially desirable responding, helping detect when respondents present themselves in an overly favorable way that may distort AMPI results.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the Unlikeliness and Guardedness scales detect?\",\"answer\":\"Unlikeliness detects responses that may indicate feigned psychopathology or intense distress, while Guardedness detects defensive response styles used to deny unpleasant psychological experiences.\"}]","Preliminary Validity Scales for the Augsburg Multidimensional Personality Instrument (AMPI) | PDF",28]